Coping to resilience - Indore and Surat, India. G. K. Bhat

Transcription

1 Coping to resilience - Indore and Surat, India G. K. Bhat

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3 Resource and climate Change Challenge to Indian Cities BAU growth path is unsustainable Urban systems likely to remain water and energy hungry due to resource constraints Soft options of efficiency gains, alternate sources need to be explored Housing and Urban land crisis, especially in large cities is expected to aggravate Climate change induced risks can exacerbate Basic services crisis Lack of solid waste management and sewage treatment can lead to health risks Floods and droughts can exacerbate stress on poor 3

4 Approach to Resilience Analytical tools and methods for understanding risks, vulnerability and impacts. Geopsy based multi-scale vulnerability analysis: Visioning workshops: Exploring future scenarios and options PGIS and world café based tools for community level intervention design Capacity building and paradigm shift City advisory committees and national consultative committee Sector studies by city based groups Future informed City planning through national competitions Building on technological innovations Mobile phone based health and services monitoring and warning distribution system Rain water harvesting and Water quality improvement Synergy through multi-sectoralinterventions Demonstration through action Enabling buy-in by multiple stakeholders 4

5 Climate Change - Tale of Two Cities Developing CRS in Indore & Surat

6 Surat-City of Diamonds, Textiles and Floods One of the fastest growing cities with 67% decadal population growth Diamond polishing and synthetic textile capital of India Strong pull migration Faces at least two floods per decade: 2006 Floods covered 75% of the city Less than 50 deaths, no major disease outbreaks/epidemics Water supply restored in 48 hours In one month no traces of floods 6

7 Root causes of floods Surat city located at the mouth of the river in flood plain Long basin in semiarid region Concentration of flow due to westerly moving depressions during late monsoons Ukai dam with increasing water demands Water for agriculture, drinking water supply industries and Energy generation Conflicting goals of lean season water supply and flood control Industries, bridges, embankments, reducing carrying capacity 7

8 Poverty and Slums Pull migration of semiskilled labor resulting in housing demand for poor More than 35,000 poor houses built, but demand overrides supply City expanding towards coast, with poor predominantly occupying riverine and coastal creek edges Increasing levels of high tides Severe coastal erosion Poor settlements often inundated 8

9 Why Surat is Resilient? Administration s learning process 1994 Plague taught lessons Systems internalized Monsoon preparation system Disease surveillance system One of the most prepared administration Industry needs business continuity Need well trained labor Unscheduled closures too costly Win-Win gains in mitigation People well informed Multitude of coping mechanisms Administration working with industry and citizen groups Attics and first floors Essential document packets Early warning display boards 9

10 SURAT : FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS SURAT: ACCCRN Vision sheets WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN CAPACITY & VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS Working with the Institutions Surat Municipal Corporation The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industries Center for Social Studies Sardar Vallbhbhai National Institute of Technology Servajainik Education Society Hajira area Development Authority Irrigation Dept, Surat, GoG Police Dept, Surat Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, GoG Sector Studies 1. Flood Risk Management 2. Energy Security 3. Water Security 4. Health Impact 5. Environment impact Action Groups 1. Awareness Generation 2. Climate Watch Group

11 ACCCRN interventions: Surat End to end early warning systems Increase respite time from a day to nearly four days Gearing administration to face floods - living with floods paradigm Urban health Resource center Improve surveillance system Urban health research Strengthening linkage between basic services and health Support to cities across India in improving health surveillance systems 11

12 Indore-City of Opportunities & Water Scarcity Located on semi arid plateau Perennial water source nearly 80 km away with a pumping head of over 600 m Rapid population growth driven by industry and trade Water supply system has more than 50% Unaccounted for water A variety of coping mechanisms developed by people Household storage Private borewells Thriving tanker market 12

13 Urban Floods of Indore Poor drainage and expanding city in nearly flat terrain Flood rather unknown in the past Frequency of Severe rainfall events have reportedly increased over last two decades Attributed to climate change Drainage system poor and not maintained Water logging due to building of roads/bridges Vector-borne disease outbreaks due to water logging 13

14 Coping strategies across Communities Middle and upper class Sufficient storage capacity built while constructing house Pumps sumps and overhead tanks Water filtration systems Private borewells Poor Community borewells Rely on social capital and political connections Storage capacity sufficient only for couple of days Core vs periphery Core served by centralized water supply Periphery depends on ground water and tankers Coping costs Livelihood lost education health expenditure 14

15 Opportunities Indore had a traditional system of wells, now neglected Conjunctive management of local and distant sources, rain water harvesting and ground water recharge Demand focused end use management Flood risk mitigation Recharge of ground water Reviving traditional storage systems Vector/waterborne disease surveillance can reduce outbreaks 15

16 Indore: ACCCRN 50 Average monthly max. temp. Control vs Future : WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN Temperature (c) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Observed CNRM-Future-Corrected CGCM3-Future-Corrected MPI-Future-Corrected

17 ACCCRN Interventions Developing models for conjunctive water management focused on poor Resource and usage assessment from HH to community levels Exploring technically, socially and institutionally viable options Piloting interventions in four communities across various socioeconomic categories Replicating with ULB support in the city and other cities with ACCCRN partners Water/Vector borne Health surveillance system Exploring options for real time passive surveillance system, similar to Surat Health surveillance system Enabling buy-in by city administration and private health practitioners Linking with city disease prevention systems Documentation and enabling replication in other cities 17

18 Contact Details: Anna L. Brown The Rockefeller Foundation Asia Regional Office 21st Floor, UBC 2 Building 591 Sukhumvit 33, Wattana Bangkok 10110, Thailand Tel: +66(0) x22 abrown@rockfound.org G.K.Bhat TARU 541/2 Sector 8 Gandhinagar, Gujarat India Tel: gkbhat@taru.org Web: 18

19 CRGM meta model: Stakeholders and linkages Resources (environment) Government (City / State) Groundwater, rainwater harvesting, coping/adaptation to floods Market Community Safe, efficient cities are critical for economic development Vulnerability reduction and climate proofing infrastructure and services critical Participation of multiple actors necessary to manage resources efficiently Practical action strengthened by vision and policies. 19

20 Indore: Challenges of urban governance Weak administration History of Patronage Low capacity of ULB High dissonance between stakeholders Resource-poor state government in under developed region Resource costs high Cost Recovery low Water supply system too costly to be affordable Inability to collect even O&M costs Poor bear the brunt of resource scarcity 20