Runoff Processes. Daene C. McKinney
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1 CE 374 K Hydrology Runoff Processes Daene C. McKinney
2 Watershed Watershed Area draining to a stream Streamflow generated by water entering surface channels Affected by Physical, vegetative, and climatic features Geologic considerations Stream Patterns Dry periods Flow sustained from groundwater (baseflow)
3 Streamflow Atmospheric Water Evapotranspiration Precipitation Subsurface Water Infiltration Groundwater Surface Water Snow Snowpack Pervious Interception Throughfall and Stem Flow Snowmelt Surface Infiltration Soil Moisture Percolation Groundwater Groundwater Flow Atmospheric Moisture Rain Impervious Streams and Lakes Channel Flow Runoff Overland Flow Evaporation Evapotranspiration Evaporation Watershed Boundary Energy
4 Shoal Creek Flood Precipitation (in) Precip (cfs) Runoff Streamflow Time (hr)
5 Streamflow Hydrograph Centroid of Precipitation Peak Basin Lag Time of Rise Discharge, Q Inflection Point Baseflow Recession Baseflow Recession Baseflow Beginning of Direct Runoff End of Direct Runoff Time
6 Volume of Storm Runoff Depends on several factors Large watersheds previous storm events Small watersheds independent d of previous storm Rifll Rainfall available for runoff 3 parts Direct runoff Initial loss (before direct runoff begins) Continuing loss (after direct runoff)
7 Baseflow Separation Depletion of groundwater during this period Continuity equation ds dt ds I( t) Q( t) Q 0 e S ( t) kq( t) ( t t ) / k 0 dt Disc charge, Q Q( t) Q 0 e ( t t 0 Baseflow Recession ) / k Q( t) flow at time t Q 0 flow at time t 0 k decay constant [ T ] Time
8 Baseflow Separation Techniques Straight line method Draw a horizontal line segment (A B) from beginning of runoff to intersection with recession curve charge, Q Disc Direct Runoff A B Baseflow Time
9 Baseflow Separation Techniques Fixed Base Method Draw line segment (A C) extending baseflow recession to a point directly below the hydrograph peak Draw line segment (C D) connecting a point N time periods after the peak N 0.2 A Disc charge, Q A Direct Runoff D C Baseflow N A 0.2 B Time
10 Baseflow Separation Techniques Variable Slope Method Draw line segment (A C) extending baseflow recession to a point directly below the hydrograph peak Draw line segment (B E) extending baseflow recession backward to a point tdirectly below bl the inflection point Draw line segment (C E) Disc charge, Q A Direct Runoff E C Baseflow Inflection Point B Time
11 Loss Estimation: Phi Index Method Effective (excess) rainfall Rainfall that is not retained or infiltrated Losses (abstraction ) Phi Index M ( R φδt) rd m Becomes direct runoff m 1 Excess rainfall hyetograph (excess rainfall vs time) rd depth of direct runoff Rm observed rainfall Difference between total and excess rainfall hyetographs φ Phi index M #intervalsof rainfall Constant rate of loss yielding contributing to direct runoff excess rainfall hyetograph with depth equal to depth of Δt time interval direct runoff m interval index
12 Example Phi Index method Time Observed Rain Flow in cfs 8: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ) Streamflow (cfs Shoal Creek Total Rainfall Hyetograph Direct Runoff Hydrograph 2 Find: Constant rate of 2.5 loss yielding excess rainfall hyetograph with depth equal to depth of direct runoff 0 7:30 PM 9:00 PM 10:30 PM 12:00 AM 1:30 AM 3:00 AM 4:30 AM 6:00 AM Time No direct runoff until after 9:30 And little precip after 11:00 Basin area A 7.03 mi2
13 Example Phi Index Method (Cont.) Estimate baseflow (straight line method) Constant 400 cfs baseflow
14 Example Phi Index Method (Cont.) Calculate Direct Runoff Hydrograph Subtract 400 cfs Date Time Observed Direct Runoff Rainfall Streamflow Time cfs m3 in cfs 1/2 hr 24-May 8:30 PM :00 PM :30 PM ,400 10:00 PM ,923 3,461,400 10:30 PM ,297 9,534,600 11:00 PM ,131 16,435,800 11:30 PM ,625 19,125, May 12:00 AM ,834 14,101,200 12:30 AM ,921 7,057,800 1:00 AM ,846 3,322,800 1:30 AM ,402 2,523,600 2:00 AM ,494,000 2:30 AM ,400 3:00 AM :30 AM 394 4:00 AM 354 4:30 AM 303 Total 7.839E+07 Volume of direct runoff rd V d A *10 ft mi*5280 ft 4.80in Depth of direct runoff
15 Example Phi Index Method (Cont.) Neglect all precipitation intervals that occur before the onset of direct runoff (before 9:30) Select R m as the precipitation p values in the 1.5 hour period from 10:00 11:30 rd M 3 m m 1 m 1 ( R φ Δ t ) ( R φ 3*0.5 ) m 4.80 ( φ *3*0.5) φ 0.54in φδt 0.54* in
16 Example Phi Index Method (Cont.) φδt Effective Runoff Hyetograph Stream mflow (cfs) :30 PM 9:00 PM 10:30 PM 12:00 AM 1:30 AM 3:00 AM 4:30 AM 6:00 AM Time
17 SCS Curve Number Method SCS Curve Number (CN) method estimates excess precipitation as a function of cumulative precipitation soil cover land use, and antecedent moisture Developed for small basins (< 400 sq. mi.) Classify soils into four types Simple to use Converts basin storage into something simpler and more manageable (a curve number CN)
18 Losses SCS Method Total rainfall separated into 3 parts: Direct runoff Continuing Loss Initial lloss SCS Assumption ActualStorage PotentialStorage ActualRunoff Potential Runoff Precipitation Ia t p P Pe + Ia + P e Fa Fa Time ( P I a ) P S e P e P I Solve for Rainfall Excess P e ( P I ) P I a a 2 + S a P Total Rainfall Pe Excess Rainfall (Runoff) Ia Initial Loss F a Continuing i Loss S Maximum Watershed Storage
19 SCS Method (Cont.) Surface Experiments showed So I a 0. 2S ( P 0.2S ) P e P S 1000 S 10 CN (American Units;0 < CN < 100) S 254CN CN (S SI Units;30 < CN < 100) 2 f, Pe, in Cumula ative Direct Runoff CN, Curve Number Impervious: CN 100 Natural: CN < Cumulative Rainfall, P, in
20 SCS Method (Cont.) CN depends on previous (antecedent) rainfall Normal conditions, AMC(II) Dry conditions, AMC(I) 4.2CN ( II) CN ( I ) CN( II) Wet conditions, AMC(III) 23CN ( II) CN ( III ) CN( II) AMC Group 5-day antecedent t rainfall a (in) Dormant season Growing season I < 0.50 < 1.4 II III > 1.1 > 2.1
21 SCS Method (Cont.) CN depends on soil conditions Group Minimum Infiltration Rate (in/hr) Soil type A High infiltration rates. Deep, well drained sands and gravels B Moderate infiltration rates. Moderately deep, moderately well drained soils with moderately coarse textures C Slow infiltration rates. Soils with layers, or soils with moderately fine textures D Very slow infiltration rates. Clayey soils, high water table, or shallow impervious layer
22 Example SCS Method (1) Rainfall: 5 in. Area: 1000 acres Soils: Class B: 50% Class C: 50% Antecedent moisture: AMC(II) Normal Land use Residential 40% with 30% impervious cover 12% with 65% impervious cover Paved roads: 18% with curbs and storm sewers Open land: 16% 50% fair grass cover 50% good grass cover Parking lots, etc.: 14%
23 Example (SCS Method 1, Cont.) Hydrologic Soil Group Land use % CN B C Product % CN Product Residential i (30% imp cover) Residential (65% imp cover) Roads Open land: good cover Open land: Fair cover Parking lots, etc Total CN
24 Example (SCS Method 1 Cont.) 1000 CN Average AMC CN 83.8 S 10 S P e in 2 2 ( P 0.2S ) ( 5 0.2*1.93) P + 0.8S * in 2 Wet AMC ( P 0.2S ) ( 5 0.2*0.83) P e P + 0.8S * in
25 Example (SCS Method 2) Given P, CN 80, AMC(II) Find: Cumulative abstractions andexcess rainfall hyetograph Time (hr) Cumulative Rainfall (in) Cumulative Abstractions (in) Cumulative Excess Rainfall (in) Excess Rainfall Hyetograph (in) P Ia Fa Pe
26 Example (SCS Method 2) Calculate storage Calculate initial abstraction Initial abstraction removes S I a CN S 0.2* in. in 1 st period (all the precip) 0.3 in. in the 2 nd period (only part of the precip) Calculatecontinuing continuing abstractionfrom SCS method equations F a S( P I ) 2.5( P 0.5) a ( P I + S) ( P + 2.0) a Time (hr) 0.5in 2.50in Cumulative Rainfall (in) P
27 Example (SCS method 2, Cont.) Cumulative abstractions can now be calculated Time (hr) Cumulative Rainfall (in) Cumulative Abstractions (in) P I F a a F a F a 2.5( P 0.5) ( P + 2.0) 2.5( ) (2 hr) ( ) 0.34in
28 Example (SCS method 2, Cont.) Cumulative excess rainfall can now be calculated Excess Rainfall Hyetograph can be calculated Time Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Excess Rainfall (hr) Rainfall Abstractions (in) Excess Rainfall (in) Hyetograph (in) (in) P I a F a P e ΔPe
29 Example (SCS method 2, Cont.) Rainfall (in) 2.5 Rainfall Hyetographs Time (hour) Rainfall Excess Rainfall
30 Time of Concentration Different areas of a watershed contribute to runoff at different times after precipitation begins Time of concentration Time at which h all parts of the watershed dbegin contributing to the runoff from the basin Time of flow from the farthest point in the watershed
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