COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER
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1 COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER Ocean water is a combination of freshwater and a variety of dissolved substances. Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater, measured in parts per thousand (ppt). To change the salinity of an ocean, three different things can occur: evaporation, precipitation, or freezing. Evaporation from the surface of the ocean causes the water to have a higher salinity since only the water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. Freezing of ocean water causes only the water to freeze leaving the salts to remain behind. In the polar regions, where seawater freezes to form sea ice, the ice is not as salty as the seawater from which it formed. As ice forms in salt water, there is no room in the ice crystal for salt, resulting in most of the salt squeezed out of the ice crystal and the resulting ice is less salty than when it began to freeze. Precipitation causes the water at the surface to become more dilute and therefore the salinity decreases. The higher the salinity of seawater, the greater its density. This is due to a greater concentration of dissolved salt at higher salinities. Also cold water has a greater density than warm water as the molecules are packed more tightly together. Therefore we find our very dense, very cold, very salty water near the polar regions. Dense water will sink until it reaches an area of more dense water. It will then spread horizontally as more water sinks behind it. PURPOSE: In the first part of this laboratory you will prepare a series of solutions of increasing salinity and measure their relative salinities with a hydrometer. Using this standard plot of salinities you will determine the salinity of a sample of seawater collected from Narragansett Bay. In the second part you will conduct an investigation in the causes for ocean currents (on a much smaller scale, of course) PART I: DENSITY AND BUOYANCY Ships will float at different levels depending on the temperature and density of the water, therefore cargo ships have markers called the "International Loading Line", or "Plimsoll Line" painted onto the side of cargo vessels to indicate the limit to which they can be legally loaded in different waters. Plimsoll Line - The International Load Line for Shipping S W WNA T F TF Summer load line Winter load line Winter North Atlantic load line Tropical load line Fresh Water load line Tropical Fresh Water load line If a ship were loaded to capacity in Greenland at a salt water port and sailed to a fresh water port in the tropics there would be a danger of it riding too low in the water at its destination and the risk of it sinking. Composition of Seawater 1
2 Since the buoyancy of an object is dependent upon the density and temperature of the fluid in which it is floating, it is possible to make an instrument that measures fluid density on the basis of how high the instrument floats. Such an instrument is known as a HYDROMETER and can be purchased at pet stores for measuring the salinity of water for aquariums or constructed from a plastic drinking straw. PROCEDURE Seal one end of a drinking straw by plugging it with modeling clay. Cut out the paper scale (0 10 cm) and insert it into the straw. Use the cotton swab to push the scale to the bottom of the straw if needed. Add 5-6 BB s into the open end of the straw and make sure they are resting at the bottom. These are added to stabilize the straw so that it floats upright in a test tube of water. Using a graduated cylinder pour 100 ml of distilled water into the large test tube. Add the hydrometer and carefully note the water line as the hydrometer is floating in distilled water. Record this level in the data table for 0 ppt. Each salt packet contains 0.5 grams of salt. Add 3 packets to the test tube, stopper and invert the tube several times to dissolve the salt. Add the hydrometer and record the level the hydrometer floats in the saltwater (wait for any bubbles that formed to dissipate). Add another 3 packets of salt to the test tube. Stopper and dissolve the salt by inverting the test tube. Insert the hydrometer and record the level the hydrometer floats in the saltwater. Add another 3 packets and test as before. Add another 3 packets and test as before. Using another test tube obtain a sample of seawater collected from Narragansett Bay. Insert the hydrometer and record the level it floats. Hydrometer Reading Salt (grams) Distilled Water Concentration (grams / liter) Concentration (ppt) 0 0 Seawater On the following page is a graph of the salt concentrations vs the hydrometer data. Plot the data from the data table and draw a best-fit straight line through the data points. From the best-fit line determine the concentration of salt in the seawater sample from Narragansett Bay. ppt Composition of Seawater 2
3 Hydrometer Reading _ Salt Concentration (ppt) USING A COMMERCIAL GRADE HYDROMETER A floating glass hydrometer operates on the principle that the greater the density of the liquid the greater the buoyant force upwards it provides to objects floating in it. The density of the sample, seawater in our case, influences the volume of the hydrometer under the water. The graduations on the stem of the hydrometer indicate the volume of the hydrometer under the water and therefore the density of the water. The graduations are calibrated so that they indicate the SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Specific gravity is a ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water. Since the density of the water is dependent upon the temperature a conversion table is found at the end of this lab which is used to convert specific gravity to salinity at different temperatures. Use the table at the end of the lab to determine the salinity of the sample of seawater from Narragansett Bay. Temperature: o C Hydrometer Specific Gravity: Salinity: ppt PART II: THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DENSITY A seventeenth century scientist named Luigi Marsigli studied the currents that flow between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Marsigli determined that the currents changed directions about 8 to 12 feet below the surface and theorized that there were density differences between the two seas causing a countercurrent to develop. As part of his experiments, Marsigli determined the density of the waters in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, and he performed another experiment to illustrate his point. He created a box that was divided in half and filled one side of the box with dyed water from the Black Sea and in the other side of the box he placed water from the Mediterranean Sea dyed a different color. When Marsigli opened the divider he noted the direction and pattern of the waters as they mixed which proved that the currents between these two bodies of water were caused by the mixing of water of different densities. Composition of Seawater 3
4 Which fluid has a greater density, warm water or cool water? Completely fill the small beaker with hot water and add a few drops of food coloring. Fill the large beaker with 250 ml of cool tap water and place the beaker in the plastic tray. Slowly submerse the small beaker with food coloring into the larger beaker. Record your observations below. Repeat the experiment except completely fill the smaller beaker with cool tap water and add a few drops of food coloring. Fill the large beaker with 250 ml of hot water in the larger beaker and place in the plastic tray. Slowly submerge the smaller beaker into the larger beaker. Record your observations. Which fluid has a greater density, ocean water or fresh water? Add 5 packets of salt and a few drops of food coloring to the small beaker. Completely fill the beaker with tap water. Fill the larger beaker with 250 ml of tap water and place it in the plastic tray. Slowly submerge the smaller beaker in the larger beaker and record your observations. Repeat the experiment except completely fill the smaller beaker with tap water and add a few drops of food coloring. Fill the large beaker with 250 ml of tap water and add saltwater solution you made in the previous experiment to the beaker. Place the beaker in the plastic tray. Slowly submerge the smaller beaker into the larger beaker and record your observations. Which fluid has a greater density, warm water or cool water? Which fluid has a greater density, ocean water or fresh water? Composition of Seawater 4
5 We now know that the currents studied by Marsigli are caused by differences in density of ocean water. These differences in density are due to changes in either the salinity (a measure of the dissolved salts in sea water) or temperature: Cold water is denser than warm water with the same salinity. For example, at the same temperature (20 o C) the density of salt water is g/ml and fresh water is g/ml. The greater the salinity of a sample of water the greater its density. In the Mediterranean, the seawater has a salinity of approximately 40 ppt, while the Atlantic Ocean, on the other side of the Strait of Gibraltar, has a salinity of 35 ppt. When the Mediterranean drains into the Atlantic Ocean a density current is established with the more salty Mediterranean water sinking to the bottom of the less salty Atlantic Ocean water. 1. Construct a statement that relates the height of the floating hydrometer with the concentration of the salt solution in which it is floating. 2. A cargo ship is loaded with automobiles in Detroit, Michigan in a port located in Lake Huron. It travels northward through the Saint Lawrence Seaway north above Nova Scotia, Canada to the North Atlantic. Using the Plimsoll Line, does the ship float higher or lower in the water as it moves from a fresh-water lake to the seawater? What is your explanation? 3. The same ship sails southward to Miami, Florida to unload its cargo. As it makes its way southward does it float higher or lower? What is your explanation? 4. Use the table of salinity at the end of this laboratory to answer the following: a. For a constant temperature, explain how the salinity changes with increasing specific gravity. b. For a constant specific gravity, explain how the salinity changes with increasing temperature. Composition of Seawater 5
6 Increasing Depth Increasing Depth Increasing Depth Depth (m) POST-LAB: TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND DENSITY IN THE OCEAN Oceanographers commonly use a type of graph referred to as a DEPTH PROFILE, shown here. The reason oceanographers use this type of graph is that they are often interested in the way something changes moving from the surface to greater depths of water Outer Basin Inner Basin What do you notice about the scale on the y-axis compared to the scale used on most other graphs? Why might oceanographers use this format? Distance (km) Illustrated below are depth profiles of temperature, density, and salinity of seawater. Notice that in all cases there is a zone where the conditions change rapidly with depth. The zone of rapid temperature change is called the thermocline (thermo = temperature, cline = area of rapid change, think incline ). The zone of rapid change in density is called the pycnocline (pycno = density), and the zone of rapid change in salinity is called the halocline (halo = salt). The area above the pycnocline is referred to as the surface mixed layer. Increasing Temperature Increasing Density Increasing Salinity Pycnocline Halocline Halocline Thermocline Composition of Seawater 6
7 5. Account for the observation that the thermocline and the pycnocline are at approximately the same depth in the water. What environmental factors would affect the temperature of the surface mixed layer? What environmental factors would affect the salinity of the surface mixed layer? STRATIFICATION Stratification means to place in layers, much like a layered cake. Water in the ocean can form layers that result from differences in density. If water has distinct layers it is considered stratified. A stratified water column has a well-defined pycnocline. If there are no layers present, the water is often called well-mixed. A well-mixed water column has a wide pycnocline or no distinct pycnocline. The degree to which water is stratified can have important implications for water quality in coastal regions like Narragansett Bay. What temperature conditions would you predict to observe with increasing depth in a stratified water column? What salinity conditions would you predict to observe with increasing depth in a stratified water column? 6. Below is a list of natural processes. Which of the processes would promote a stratified water column, and which would promote a well-mixed water column? Explain your reasoning. (a) high winds and waves (b) hot summer day with little wind (c) 1-2 of rainfall with little wind (d) mixing due to increased water flow from tides (e) freezing of surface seawater Composition of Seawater 7
8 Specific Gravity Temperature of Water ( C) Salinity (parts per thousand) as a function of specific gravity and temperature. Composition of Seawater 8
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