RJ van Wijk. CG van Ginkel BIODEGRADABILITY OF CHLORINATED N-ALKANES C (50%) (SCCP); CLOSED BOTTLE TEST METHOD

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1 1 To From RJ van Wijk CG van Ginkel Date Doc no Subject BIODEGRADABILITY OF CHLORINATED N-ALKANES C (50%) (SCCP); CLOSED BOTTLE TEST METHOD This report is a corrected version of report which contained mistakes. The ThOD of chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) which is used to calculate the biodegradation percentages is 1.57 mg/mg, instead of the incorrect 1.36 mg/mg which was used in the previous report. Consequently, all biodegradation percentages of the previous report become a factor of 0.87 lower (see Table and Figure). In addition, the biodegradation results obtained with river water and sludge as inocula as presented in the Table of the previous report were exchanged. As a consequence, the degradation percentage with sludge and Agnique at day 28 is now 37% and 55% at day 42 when the test was terminated erroneously assuming that 60% was reached. The test using river water as inoculum applied with Agnique now has 63% in 28 days. The main conclusion of the previous report, i.e. the classification of chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) as readily biodegradable (biodegradation percentage higher than 60%) is still valid based on the river water results. Introduction Biodegradation of an organic chemical refers to the reduction in complexity of the chemical through metabolic activity of microorganisms. Under aerobic conditions, microorganisms convert organic substances in carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) are poorly water soluble chlorinated alkanes (C 10 -C 13 ). Determination of the biodegradability of water insoluble substances with OECD 301 series and 310 tests (ready biodegradability test) is a major problem. The incentive of this investigation is to determine the conditions in the (prolonged) Closed Bottle test to obtain a biodegradation result in a ready biodegradability test which is a reliable predictor of the environmental fate. The Closed Bottle test is considered the most promising test for poorly water-soluble compounds because of the low intial test substance concentration. The Closed Bottle tests were performed according to EU, OECD and ISO Test Guidelines (OECD, 1992). The tests were modified to permit measurements after day 28 (van Ginkel and Stroo, 1992). Prolongation (enhanced 1 The SCCP Biodegradability study was sponsored by the Euro Chlor Chlorinated Paraffin Sector Group. While the report is being provided for review by POPRC, this submission is not intended in any way to relinquish ownership rights to the full study report. This report is likely to be used for regulatory purposes, such as REACH registration

2 2 biodegradability testing) may be used to demonstrate non persistence of a substance. The methods used in this study to increase the bioavailability in the test have been described (ISO, 1995; van Ginkel et al, 2008).

3 3 Materials and methods Materials A sample of the test material was received from Ineos Chlor Limited. The following test substance data were submitted by the sponsor. Chemical name chlorinated n-alkanes C10-13 Product name Cereclor 50LV Chlorine content 49.75% (annex) CAS no Purity 100% The concentrations cited in this report refer to the as-received sample of SCCP. Silicone oil AR 20 was purchased from Fluka Chemika, Buchs, Switzerland. The polyalkoxylate alkylphenol (Agnique BP NP 1530) was obtained from Cognis Corp. Cincinatti Oh, US. All chemicals used were of reagent grade. Inoculum Secondary activated sludge was obtained from the wastewater treatment plant Nieuwgraaf in Duiven, The Netherlands. This plant is an activated sludge plant treating predominantly domestic wastewater. The activated sludge was preconditioned to reduce the endogenous respiration rates. To this end, 400 mg Dry Weight (DW)/L of activated sludge was aerated for one week. The sludge was diluted in the BOD bottles (van Ginkel and Stroo, 1992). River water was sampled from the Rhine near Heveadorp, The Netherlands. River water was aerated for 7 days before use and particles were removed by sedimentation. Test procedures The Closed Bottle test was performed according to Test Guidelines (OECD 1992). The nutrient medium of the Closed Bottle test contained per liter of deionized water: 8.5 mg KH 2 PO 4, mg K 2 HPO 4, 33.4 mg Na 2 HPO 4 2H 2 O, 22.5 mg MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 27.5 mg CaCl 2, 0.25 mg FeCl 3 6H 2 O. Ammonium chloride was omitted from the medium to prevent nitrification. The methods to administrate poorly water-soluble substances and to possibly improve the bioavailability have been described by van Ginkel et al (2008). SCCPs are poorly soluble substances in water and therefore the test substance was first dissolved in dichloromethane (1 g/l). The test substance in dichloromethane (0.6 ml) was added to the bottles. The solvent was allowed to evaporate overnight from the bottles using a roller plate to obtain an even distribution of the test substance on the walls of the bottles. SCCP was also dissolved in silicone oil AR 20 at a concentration of 1.0 g/l. The test substance in oil (0.6 ml) was directly added to the bottles. A stock suspension of SCCP (1.0 g/l) and the polyalkoxylate alkylphenol was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion at 200 W for 5 minutes using a Vibra-cell. This suspension (0.6 ml) was added to the bottles. The tests were performed in 0.3 L BOD (biological oxygen demand) bottles with glass stoppers. Use was made of 3 bottles containing only inoculum, and 3 bottles containing inoculum and test substance administered using the various stocks. The activated sludge was diluted to 2 mg DW/L in the mineral salts medium and the river water was used undiluted spiked with mineral salts. Each of the prepared solutions was dispensed into the respective group of BOD bottles so that all bottles were completely filled without air bubbles. The bottles were closed while mixing. The bottles containing a magnetic bar were closed and incubated in the dark on magnetic stirrer plates (600 rpm). The biodegradation

4 4 was measured by following the course of the oxygen decrease in the bottles with a special funnel. This funnel fitted exactly in the BOD bottle. Subsequently, the oxygen electrode was inserted in the BOD bottle to measure the oxygen concentration. The medium dissipated by the electrode was collected in the funnel. After withdrawal of the oxygen electrode the medium collected flowed back into the BOD bottle, followed by removal of the funnel and closing of the BOD bottle (van Ginkel and Stroo 1992). Analyses The dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined electrochemically using an oxygen electrode (WTW Trioxmatic EO 200) and meter (WTW OXI 530) (Retsch, Ochten, The Netherlands). The ph was measured using a Knick 765 calimatic ph meter (Elektronische Messgerate GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The temperature was measured and recorded with a thermo couple connected to a data logger. The dry weight (DW) of the inoculum was determined by filtrating 50 ml of the activated sludge over a preweighed 12 m Schleicher and Schüll filter (Darmstadt, Germany). This filter was dried for 1.5 hours at 104 C and weighed after cooling. DW was calculated by subtracting the weighed filters and by dividing this difference by the filtered volume. Calculation of the results The ThOD of SCCP was calculated from its molecular formula and molecular weight as follows (2C ( H Cl 3N) 3S 2 P Na O) ThOD NH 3 ( mgo2 / mg) MW Provided that the oxygen concentrations in all bottles at the start of the test were equal, the amounts of oxygen consumed in the bottles were calculated as follows: Oxygen consumption n (mg/l) = M c - M t M t = the mean oxygen concentration in the bottles containing the test compound M c = and inoculated with activated sludge n-days after the start of the test. the mean oxygen level in the control bottle inoculated with activated sludge n days after the start of the test. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) mg/mg of the test compound was calculated by dividing the oxygen consumption by the concentration of the test substance in the closed bottle. The biodegradation was calculated as the ratio of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD).

5 5 Results and discussion Test conditions Inhibition of the endogenous respiration of the inoculum by the test substance was not detected (data not shown). As a consequence, inhibition of the biodegradation due to the "high" initial concentration of the test substance is not expected. The ph of the media with activated sludge was 7.0 at the start of the test. The ph of this medium at day 28 was 7.0 ±0.2. The ph of the river water at day 0 was 8.0. At day 28 the ph of these tests ranged from 7.9 to 8.2. Temperatures ranged from 22 to 24 C. The validity of the test is demonstrated by oxygen concentrations >0.5 mg/l in all bottles during the test period. Biodegradability The calculated theoretical oxygen demand of chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) is 1.57 mg/mg. The results obtained in the Closed Bottle tests obtained with chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) are summarized in the Table. The results obtained with sludge and river water used as inocula are comparable. Biodegradation percentages in close to 60 at day 42 and in excess of 60% at day 28 were obtained using the test substance emulsified with a polyalkoxylate alkylphenol (Agnique). Chlorinated n- alkanes C (50%) was biodegraded 63% at day 28 in the Closed Bottle test inoculated with river water (Figure and Table). The biodegradation rate found in the Closed Bottle test inoculated with activated sludge was slow compared to the rate in the test inoculated with river water. Nonetheless, almost 60% i.e. 55% biodegradation was reached at day 42. Based on the Closed Bottle test inoculated with river water and administration of the test substance with a surfactant, chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) should be classified as readily biodegradable. The biodegradation percentage in excess of 60% indicates that chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) is ultimately biodegradable. References CG van Ginkel, CA Stroo (1992) Simple method to prolong the Closed Bottle test for the determination of the inherent biodegradability. Ecotox Environ Saf CG van Ginkel, C Gancet, M Hirschen, M Galobardes, J Rosenblom (2008) Improving ready biodegradability testing of fatty amine derivatives. Chemosphere ISO (1995) Water quality Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aueous medium Madeley JR and Pearson CR (1980) Chlorinated parafins and the environment 2. aquatic and avian toxicology. Environ Sci Technol OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals, Degradation and accumulation, No. 301: Ready biodegradability (1992) Paris Cedex France.

6 6 Table Summary of results obtained with chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) in Closed Bottle tests. Method (initial concentration) <inoculum> Biodegradation (%) at Day 28 Last day of test between brackets Administration with DCM (2.0 mg/l) <sludge> (56) Silicone oil (2.0 mg/l) <sludge> 6 22 (56) Suspension with surfactant (Agnique) (2.0 mg/l) < sludge> (42) Administration with DCM (2.0 mg/l) <river (56) water> Silicone oil (2.0 mg/l) <river water> 9 33 (56) Suspension with surfactant (Agnique) (2.0 mg/l) <river water> (42)

7 Biodegradati on (%) Time (days) Figure Percentage of biodegradation of chlorinated n-alkanes C (50%) versus time in a Closed Bottle test inoculated with river water. The test substance was added as an emulsion prepared with Agnique.

8 8 Annex

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