ENERGY HARVESTING. Energy Conversion Systems. Solar, Wind, and Ocean. Omer C. Onar. Alireza Khaligti

Transcription

1 ENERGY HARVESTING Solar, Wind, and Ocean Energy Conversion Systems Alireza Khaligti Omer C. Onar Energy, Power Electronics, and Machines Series AH Emadi, Series Editor TECHNiSCHE INFOF.MATIONSBIBLIOTHEK UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Contents Preface Authors xiii xv 1. Solar Energy Harvesting Introduction Structures of Photovoltaic Cells/Modules/Arrays Semiconductor Materials for PV Cells Active and Passive Solar Energy Systems Components of a Solar Energy System I-V Characteristics of PV Systems PV Models and Equivalent Circuits Single-Diode Single-Diode Single-Diode and Dual-Diode Models 9 Model without Parallel Resistance 10 Model without Resistances PV Model Performance under Nominal and Standard Conditions Effects of Irradiance and Temperature on PV Characteristics Sun 15 Tracking Systems 1.5 MPPT Techniques Incremental Conductance Based MPPT Technique Perturb and Observe-Based MPPT MPPT Controller-Based on Linearized J-V Characteristics Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage-Based MPPT Fractional Short-Circuit Current-Based MPPT Fuzzy Logic Control-Based MPPT Neural Network-Based MPPT Ripple Correlation Control-Based MPPT Current Sweep-Based MPPT DC Link Capacitor Droop Control-Based MPPT Shading Effects on PV Cells Power Electronic Interfaces for PV Systems Power Electronic Interfaces for Grid-Connected PV Systems Topologies Topologies Based on Module and. Stage Configurations... Based on Inverter Utilization Power Electronic Interfaces for Stand-Alone PV Systems PV/Battery Connection: Type 1 61 vii

3 viii Contents PV/Battery Connection: Type PV/Battery Connection: Type PV/Battery Connection: Type PV/Battery Connection: Type Sizing the PV Panel and Battery Pack for Stand-Alone PV Applications Sun Hour Load Calculation Days of Autonomy Solar Radiation PV Array Sizing PV Module Selection System Losses Determination of the Number of Series-Connected PV Modules Determination of the Number of Parallel-Connected PV Modules Design Verification and a Sizing Example Modern Solar 72 Energy Applications Residential 72 Applications Boost Converter MPPT Control of the PV Panel Bidirectional Inverter/Converter Power Conditioner Electric Vehicle Applications Solar Miner II Naval Applications Solar-Powered AUV Solar-Powered Boat, Korona Space Applications Solar Power Satellite Energy System Pathfinder, the Solar Rechargeable Aircraft Solar-Powered Aircraft Solar Airplane Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Summary 94 References Wind Energy Harvesting Introduction Winds History of Wind Energy Harvesting Fundamentals of Wind Energy Harvesting Wind Turbine Siting Wind Turbine Power BetzLaw Power Curve Power Coefficient 110

4 2.5 Wind Turbine Systems Basic Parts of Wind Turbines The Tower Yaw Mechanism The Nacelle The Turbine Wind Turbines Wind Turbines Based on Axis Position Wind Turbines Based on Power Capacity Different Electrical Machines in Wind Turbines BLDC Machines Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Induction Machines Conventional Control Scheme Voltage and Frequency Control with Load Regulation Improved Voltage and Frequency Control with a VSI Advanced Voltage and Frequency Control Using VSI Back-to-Back Connected PWM VSI DFIG Voltage and Frequency Control Using Energy Storage Devices Synchronous Generators Wind Harvesting Research and Development Developments in Control Systems Developments in Machine Design Developments in Distribution and Grid-Connected Topologies Summary 159 References 159 Tidal Energy Harvesting Introduction History of Tidal Energy Harvesting Physical Principles of Tidal Energy Categories of Tidal Power and Corresponding Generation Technology Potential Energy Tidal Barrages Approach Ebb Generation Flood Generation Two-Way Generation Tidal Lagoons Concept Tidal Turbines Used in Barrages Bulb Turbine Rim Turbine Tubular Turbine Turbine and Generator's Control Modeling of Hydraulic Turbine Conduit Dynamics Hydro Turbine Controls Kinetic Energy 188

5 X Contents Energy Calculation for Tidal Current Energy Harvesting Technique Tidal Turbines Used in Tidal Current Approach Tidal Energy Conversion Systems Generators Synchronous Generator Asynchronous Generator Gearbox Optimal Running Principle of Water Turbine Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT Method Based on Look-Up Table MPPT Method Based on Current Speed Calculation P&O-Based MPPT Method Grid Connection Interfaces for Tidal Energy Harvesting Applications Grid Connection Interfaces for Tidal Turbine Applications Grid-Connected Systems Grid Connection and Synchronization for Tidal Energy Harvesting with Basin Constructions Potential Resources Environmental Impacts Sediment Fish Salinity Summary 219 References Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting Introduction to Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting The Power of Ocean Waves Wave Energy Harvesting Technologies Offshore Energy Harvesting Topologies Dynamics of Fixed Bodies in Water Dynamics of Floating Bodies in Water Air-Driven Turbines Fixed Stator and Directly Driven PM Linear Generator-Based Buoy Applications Salter Cam Method Nearshore Energy Harvesting Topologies Nearshore Wave Energy Harvesting by the Channel/Reservoir/Turbine Method Air-Driven Turbines Based on the Nearshore Wave Energy Harvesting Method Wave Power Absorbers Wave Power Turbine Types The "Wells" Air Turbines Self-Pitch-Controlled Blades Turbine for WEC Kaplan Turbines for WEC Other Types of Turbines Used for WEC 243

6 Contents xi Wave Power Generators A Wave-Activated Linear Generator Model Linear, Synchronous, Longitudinal-Flux PM Generators A Three-Phase Synchronous Generator for Ocean Wave Applications Radial Flux PM Synchronous Generator for WEC Induction Machines for Ocean WEC Switched Reluctance Machines for Ocean WEC Ocean Energy Conversion Using Piezoelectric/Electrostictive Materials Grid Connection Topologies for Different Generators Used in Wave Energy Harvesting Applications Grid Connection Interface for Linear and Synchronous Generator Applications Grid Connection Interface for Induction Generator Applications Grid Connection Interface for SRG Applications Grid Connection Interface for Piezoelectric/Electrostrictive Power Generators Wave Energy Applications Oscillating Water Column Pelamis Wave Dragon AWS Wave Star Energy Magnetohydrodynamics Wave Energy Converter Wave Energy in Future Summary 299 References Ocean Thermal Energy Harvesting History Classification of OTECs Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems Structure and Principles of Closed-Cycle Systems Thermodynamic Principles of Closed-Cycle Systems Technical Obstacles of Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems Working Fluids and Its Potential Leakage Degradation of Heat Exchanger Performance by Microbial Fouling Thermal Energy Conversion for OTEC Systems Open-Cycle OTEC Systems Structure and Principles of Open-Cycle Systems Technical Difficulties of Open-Cycle OTEC Systems Hybrid Cycle OTEC Systems Structure and Principles of Hybrid OTEC Systems Components of an OTEC System Heat Exchanger Evaporator 318

7 xii Contents Condenser Vacuum Flash Evaporator Control of an OTEC Power Plant Control of a Steam Turbine Potential Resources Multipurpose Utilization of OTEC Systems Desalination Aquaculture Air-Conditioning Mineral Extraction Impact on Environment Summary 339 References 339 Index 343