Introduction to Environmental Physics

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to Environmental Physics"

Transcription

1 Introduction to Environmental Physics Planet Earth, Life and Climate Nigel Mason Department of Physics and Astronomy University College, London, UK. Peter Hughes Kingsway College, London, UK. with Randall McMullan Ross Reynolds Lester Simmonds John Twidell with a foreword by Sir John Houghton London and New York

2 Contents List of contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements xv xvii xviii xx Chapter 1 Environmental physics: processes and issues Introduction The environment: the science of the twenty-first Century? Environmental concerns in the late twentieth Century What is environmental physics? Physics in the environment Human environment Built environment Urban environment Global environment Biological environment Environmental physics and the global environmental agenda Summary 15 References 15 Chapter 2 The human environment Introduction Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics and the human body Energy and metabolism Thermodynamics and the human body First Law of Thermodynamics and the human body 23

3 viii Contents 2.4 Energy transfer Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation Energy budget equation 2.5 SurvivE il in the cold Thermal comfort and insulation Boundary layer Wind chill Hypothermia 2.6 SurvivE il in hot climates Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Gibbs free energy Effect of heat on the human body Taking risks, weather and survival Summary References Questions Chapter 3 The built environment Introduction Thermal regulation in buildings Thermal insulation Thermal conduction effects Convection effects Radiation effects U-values Energy use in buildings Efficiency Energy losses Calculation of energy losses Energy gains Air regulation in buildings Ventilation requirements Ventilation installations Heat pumps Heat pump efficiency Condensation Water vapour Humidity Condensation in buildings Buildings of the future 84

4 Contents ix Checklist for a future house Energy use and carbon dioxide emissions Summary 87 References 88 Questions 88 Chapter 4 The urban environment Introduction Townscape Energy in the city Electromagnetic induction Electrical power transmission Transportation Energy efficiency in transport Water for the urban environment Sewage Lighting Sources of light Urban pollution Urban pollutants Particulates Smog Acidrain The car as an urban pollutant Internal combustion engine Efficiency of the car engine Reducing vehicle emissions Noise pollution Human ear Sound levels Hearing loss Summary 126 References 126 Questions 127 Chapter 5 Energy for living Introduction World energy demand World energy supplies Fossil fuels Nuclear power Nuclear fission Nuclear reactors 135

5 x Contents Nuclear fusion Renewable energy Solar energy Transferring solar energy Solar photovoltaic electricity Wind power Average power of a moving mass of fluid Bernoulli's theorem and the aerofoil Forces acting on wind-turbine propeller blades Laminar and turbulent flow Hydroelectric power Water moving through a cylindrical tube Tidal power Wave energy Mathematics of wave power Biomass and biofuels Geothermal power Summary 176 References 176 Questions 177 Chapter 6 Revealing :aling the planet Introduction Remote sensing Orbits of satellites Resolution of satellite images Image processing Radar Applications of remote sensing data Meteorological satellites Landsat Summary References Questions Chapter 7 The Sun and the atmosphere Introduction Solar energy Solar output Rhythm of the seasons Solar cycles and climate change Structure and composition of the Earth's atmosphere Structure of the atmosphere 204

6 Contents xi Composition of the atmosphere Atmospheric pressure Pressure and temperature as functions of altitude Escape velocity Solar radiation Solar spectrum Earth's ionosphere The aurorae Solar photo-induced chemistry Ozone The Earth's ultraviolet filter Ozone chemistry 'Ozone hole' Ozone loss in the Antarctic polar region Ozone loss in the Arctic polar region Terrestrial radiation Earth's energy balance Earth as a black hody Greenhouse effect Global warming Enhanced greenhouse effect Global warming: the evidence Global warming: the predictions Sea-level rise and global warming Summary 236 References 236 Questions 237 Chapter 8 Observing the Earth's weather Introduction Observing the weather Air temperature Pressure measurement Wind measurement Humidity measurement Precipitation measurement Sunshine Visibility Global weather monitoring network Surface network Upper atmosphere network 255

7 xii Contents Weather forecasting Folklore Computer modelling of weather Chaos in weather forecasting Cloud physics Water: the unique molecule Hydrosphere Types of clouds Physics of cloud formation Snow crystals Atmospheric electricity Summary References Questions Chapter 9 Glo l weather patterns and climate Introduction: atmospheric motion Air masses and weather fronts Principal forces acting on a parcel of air in the atmosphere Gravitational force Pressure gradient force Coriolis force Frictional forces Pressure gradients and winds Cyclonic motion Depressions and fronts Thermal gradients and winds Global convection Global weather and climate patterns Global pressure field Global wind patterns Temperature fields Global humidity patterns Cloud patterns Precipitation Summary References Questions Chapter 10 Phys :s and soils Introduction Soils

8 Contents xiii 10.3 Water retention by soils Soil water suction Movement of water through soils Soil-water balance Leaching of solutes through soil profiles Evaporation from the land surface Energy requirement for evaporation Energy balance of wet and dry land surfaces Mechanisms for the transfer of latent and sensible heat away from the evaporating surface Potential evaporation and the Penman equation Evaporation from the land surface Summary 360 References 360 Questions 361 Chapter 11 Vegetation growth and the carbon balance Introduction Plant development Weather Rate of plant development Impact of global warming on crop distribution Plant growth Photosynthesis by individual leaves Photosynthesis by a Vegetation canopy Respiration Allocation of new growth between the various plant parts Water stress and Vegetation growth Carbon balance of the land surface Terrestrial carbon störe Degradation of soil organic matter Modelling soil organic matter dynamics Summary 394 References 394 Questions 395 Chapter 12 Environmental issues for the twenty-first Century Introduction 397

9 xiv Contents 12.2 Demographic change Urbanization Sustainability Energy resources Climate change, survival and health Models, predictions and uncertainties Environmental risk Risk benefit analysis What is being done? Summary: environmental physics as an enabling science 409 Appendices 1 Entropy Mathematics behind Newton's law of cooling Energy consumption self-assessment Doppler effect Pressure Variation with altitude Derivation of the lapse rate Synoptic weather chart Environmental risk and environment impact assessment of ozone-related disasters Units and constants 425 Answers to numerical questions 426 Bibliography 429 Glossary 436 Index 455

Contents. Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition. Part I Air Pollution Essentials

Contents. Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition. Part I Air Pollution Essentials Contents Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition xvii xxi Part I Air Pollution Essentials 1 The Changing Face of Air Pollution I. Defining Air Pollution 3 II. The Emergence of Air Pollution

More information

Composition and Energy AOSC 200 Tim Canty

Composition and Energy AOSC 200 Tim Canty Composition and Energy AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Atmospheric composition cont. Energy transfer Lecture 03 Sept 5 2017 1 Today s Weather

More information

Planetary Energy Balance

Planetary Energy Balance Planetary Energy Balance Overview of Planetary Energy Balance Energy coming into the Earth s atmosphere from the sun is always in balance with the energy leaving Earth s atmosphere going back out into

More information

Environmental Physics

Environmental Physics Environmental Physics Second edition Egbert Boeker and Rienk van Grondelle Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD. Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto Contents Foreword

More information

Power Technologies. Question. Answer. Energy is the ability to do work or change the system. Answer. Question. What are the various sources of energy?

Power Technologies. Question. Answer. Energy is the ability to do work or change the system. Answer. Question. What are the various sources of energy? What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work or change the system. What are the various sources of energy? Fossil fuels Oil (Petroleum) Propane Natural gas Coal Alternative fuels Nuclear Wind Solar

More information

Contents. Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV

Contents. Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV V Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Global Energy Flow 1 1.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect 1 1.3 Limit to Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration 5 1.4

More information

The Earth s Global Energy Balance

The Earth s Global Energy Balance The Earth s Global Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation Insolation over the Globe World Latitude Zones Composition of the Atmosphere Sensible Heat and Latent Heat Transfer The Global Energy System

More information

CHAPTER - 14 SOURCES OF ENERGY

CHAPTER - 14 SOURCES OF ENERGY CHAPTER - 14 SOURCES OF ENERGY PREPARED BY NIKHIL V JONES 1) Characteristics of a good source of fuel :- i) It should have a high energy output per unit mass or volume. ii) It should be easily available.

More information

Card #1/24. Describe how thermal energy is passed on in terms of ions Using these ideas explain how a convection current occurs

Card #1/24. Describe how thermal energy is passed on in terms of ions Using these ideas explain how a convection current occurs Card #1/24 Card #2/24 Topic: Conduction Topic: Convection In what state of matter does conduction occur? In what states of matter does convection occur? Explain why it needs to be in this state? Define

More information

Chapter 4: The Global Energy System

Chapter 4: The Global Energy System Discovering Physical Geography Third Edition by Alan Arbogast Chapter 4: The Global Energy System The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Energy Solar Energy as Radiation Electromagnetic energy transmitted

More information

Global Climate Change. The sky is falling! The sky is falling!

Global Climate Change. The sky is falling! The sky is falling! Global Climate Change The sky is falling! The sky is falling! 1 Global Climate Change Radiative Equilibrium, Solar and Earth Radiation Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Global Climate Change

More information

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources Renewable Energy Resources BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS G N Tiwari M K Ghosal Alpha Science International Ltd. Harrow, U.K. Contents Preface ix 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Energy: Its Definition 3 1.2 Basic

More information

CONTENTS. Introduction x

CONTENTS. Introduction x CONTENTS Introduction x Chapter 1: Climate 1 Solar Radiation and Temperature 2 The Distribution of Radiant Energy from the Sun 2 The Effects of the Atmosphere 3 Average Radiation Budgets 6 Surface-Energy

More information

Energy Vocabulary. Word Definition Memory Aid the ability to cause an object to 1. energy move, change, or work

Energy Vocabulary. Word Definition Memory Aid the ability to cause an object to 1. energy move, change, or work the ability to cause an object to 1. move, change, or work 2. trade-off something that you do not want, but have to accept in order to have something that you want (disadvantage) 3. variable a changing

More information

Period 24 Solutions: Energy and Water

Period 24 Solutions: Energy and Water Period 24 Solutions: Energy and Water 24.1 The Earth s Water Cycle 1) Components of the Earth s water cycle a) What can happen to some of the water in lakes, rivers, oceans, and in the soil as the Sun

More information

Comparing Renewable Energy Sources

Comparing Renewable Energy Sources Section 1 - Supply and Demand Fossil Fuels At present our main sources of energy are the fossil fuels. These are coal, oil and gas. Fossil fuels are the remains of plants and animals that died millions

More information

Earth and Space Science (Earth's Atmosphere) Grade 7 Science Grade 7 Science Start Date: December 02, 2013 End Date : December 20, 2013

Earth and Space Science (Earth's Atmosphere) Grade 7 Science Grade 7 Science Start Date: December 02, 2013 End Date : December 20, 2013 Unit Overview Atmospheric properties Content Elaborations The atmosphere has different properties at different elevations and contains a mixture of gases that cycle through the lithosphere, biosphere,

More information

Chapter: Conserving Resources

Chapter: Conserving Resources Table of Contents Chapter: Conserving Resources Section 1: Resources Section 2: Pollution Section 3: The Three Rs of Conservation Chapter 19 Section 1- Natural Resources What are fossil fuels? *Fossil

More information

Review for Carbon cycle, Hydrosphere and Space and Energy Types Test

Review for Carbon cycle, Hydrosphere and Space and Energy Types Test Review for Carbon cycle, Hydrosphere and Space and Energy Types Test Cycles and Greenhouse effect 1. Which of the following statements about the Greenhouse effect is true? A) An increase in greenhouse

More information

08 Energy, Power and climate change review answers

08 Energy, Power and climate change review answers 08 Energy, Power and climate change review answers Power generation 1. Copy and complete: Thermal energy may be completely converted into work in a single process such as the adiabatic expansion of a gas

More information

KNOWLEDGE EXPANDER ENERGY Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

KNOWLEDGE EXPANDER ENERGY Shell Global Solutions International B.V. KNOWLEDGE EXPANDER ENERGY WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY? ENERGY CONSERVATION involves reducing energy consumption, largely through behavioural change. ENERGY

More information

Chapter 11: Atmosphere

Chapter 11: Atmosphere To get you thinking This is our atmosphere. All life on Earth exists within this tiny protective blanket. Why is the atmosphere important to us? What do you think it does for us? Chapter 11: Atmosphere

More information

2 Atmospheric Heating

2 Atmospheric Heating CHAPTER 15 2 Atmospheric Heating SECTION The Atmosphere BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How does energy travel from the sun to Earth? What are

More information

How is the atmosphere different from outer space? a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth

How is the atmosphere different from outer space? a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth Chapter 15 Atmosphere Section 1 Objectives Describe the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Explain why air pressure changes with altitude. Explain how air temperature changes with atmospheric composition.

More information

Climate Change Vocabulary Global Challenges for the 21 st Century Tony Del Vecchio, M.Ed. Atmosphere

Climate Change Vocabulary Global Challenges for the 21 st Century Tony Del Vecchio, M.Ed. Atmosphere Atmosphere The mixture of gases surrounding the Earth. The Earth's atmosphere consists of about 79.1% nitrogen (by volume), 20.9% oxygen, 0.036% carbon dioxide and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere

More information

AQA GCSE Physics Unit 1 Specification

AQA GCSE Physics Unit 1 Specification P1.1 The transfer of energy by heating processes and the factors that affect the rate at which that energy is transferred Energy can be transferred from one place to another by work or by heating processes.

More information

Atmosphere. The layer of gas surrounding the Earth

Atmosphere. The layer of gas surrounding the Earth Earth and Space Notes: Atmosphere Atmosphere The layer of gas surrounding the Earth Breakdown: Nitrogen (~79%) Oxygen (~21%) Argon, CO2, methane, ozone, water, nitrous oxides, sulphur dioxide, etc Gases

More information

Topic 8: Energy, power and climate change

Topic 8: Energy, power and climate change Topic 8: Energy, power and climate change 8.1 Energy degradation and power generation 8.1.1 State that thermal energy may be completely converted to work in a single process, but that continuous conversion

More information

UNIT 10: ENERGY ISABEL CORONADO ROMERO

UNIT 10: ENERGY ISABEL CORONADO ROMERO UNIT 10: ENERGY ISABEL CORONADO ROMERO 1. WHAT IS ENERGY? Definition: Energy is a physical quantity which produces a change or an effect Unit: International System Joule (J) Other Calorie (cal) 1cal =4,19J

More information

3.3 Unit 1: Physics 1

3.3 Unit 1: Physics 1 3.3 Unit 1: Physics 1 P1.1 The transfer of energy by heating processes and the factors that affect the rate at which that energy is transferred 3Subject Content Energy can be transferred from one place

More information

Air & Water Lesson 2. Chapter 6 Conserving Our Resources

Air & Water Lesson 2. Chapter 6 Conserving Our Resources Air & Water Lesson 2 Chapter 6 Conserving Our Resources Objectives Summarize the importance of air. Describe the water cycle. Main Idea Living things use air and water to carry out their life processes.

More information

AP Environmental Science II. Unit 2-2: Alternative Energy

AP Environmental Science II. Unit 2-2: Alternative Energy NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-2, Alternative Energy AP Environmental Science II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental Science

More information

WORK Potential Kinetic

WORK Potential Kinetic Energy What is energy? - Ability to do WORK - The transfer of energy is work, power is the rate at which energy is transferred. - There are many forms of energy (chemical, mechanical, nuclear, thermal,

More information

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Contents Overview WHAT'S IN THE SWL PRINTED WHAT'S IN THE SWL ELECTRONIC I NAVIGATION 20 VIII DETAILED DESIGN STRATEGIES E.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Contents Overview WHAT'S IN THE SWL PRINTED WHAT'S IN THE SWL ELECTRONIC I NAVIGATION 20 VIII DETAILED DESIGN STRATEGIES E. WHAT'S IN THE SWL PRINTED I NAVIGATION 20 SWL Printed Contents SWL Electronic Contents Additional Navigation Methods II USING SUN, WIND & LIGHT 50 Buildings and Energy Use Design Decision Chart for Net-Zero

More information

Energy and Energy Resources

Energy and Energy Resources Energy and Energy Resources Energy Defined as the ability to do work or the ability to cause change. Two types of energy: Kinetic energy- energy of motion; anything that moves has kinetic energy, cars,

More information

T8-1 [166 marks] Which energy resource is renewable? A. Natural gas B. Uranium C. Biogas D. Coal

T8-1 [166 marks] Which energy resource is renewable? A. Natural gas B. Uranium C. Biogas D. Coal T8-1 [166 marks] 1. Which energy resource is renewable? A. Natural gas B. Uranium C. Biogas D. Coal 2. For a black-body at absolute temperature T the power emitted per unit area is P. What is the power

More information

Climate Change and Air Quality

Climate Change and Air Quality Climate Change and Air Quality SW PA Air Quality Action June 6, 2007 Peter J. Adams Associate Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering and Public Policy Outline Climate Change Primer What

More information

Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation

Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation Overview of Chapter 13 Direct Solar Energy Indirect Solar Energy Wind Biomass Hydropower Geothermal Tidal High and Low Technology Energy Solution Direct Solar

More information

3.3 Unit 1 Physics 1. Infrared radiation. d) Light, shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters. of infrared radiation.

3.3 Unit 1 Physics 1. Infrared radiation. d) Light, shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters. of infrared radiation. 3.3 Unit 1 Physics 1 P1.1 The transfer of energy by heating processes and the factors that affect the rate at which that energy is transferred Energy can be transferred from one place to another by work

More information

APES Outline I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts (Chapter 4 &14)

APES Outline I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts (Chapter 4 &14) APES Outline I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts (Chapter 4 &14) 1. Geologic time scale 2. Geologic Processes a. Plate tectonics b. Earthquakes c. Volcanism d. Composition

More information

Triple Beam Balance: add the three together: 700g + 20g + 2.9g = 722.9g Metric base unit for mass is gram.

Triple Beam Balance: add the three together: 700g + 20g + 2.9g = 722.9g Metric base unit for mass is gram. 6 th Grade 2 nd Nine Week CSA Study Guide 2015-16 SOL 6.1b: Make precise and consistent measurements and estimations. Graduated Cylinder: read from the lowest part of the water line curve. Reading: 56ml

More information

RENEWABLE ENERGY. A First Course. Robert Ehrlich. Lap) CRC Press \V J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

RENEWABLE ENERGY. A First Course. Robert Ehrlich. Lap) CRC Press \V J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York RENEWABLE ENERGY A First Course Robert Ehrlich Lap) CRC Press \V J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform.» business Preface

More information

Introduction to Bioenergy

Introduction to Bioenergy 1 Introduction to Bioenergy 1. Global Warming and Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Carbon cycle Carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere,

More information

Power_Climate_P2 [259 marks]

Power_Climate_P2 [259 marks] Power_Climate_P2 [259 marks] The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 (Be-10) undergoes beta minus ( β ) decay to form a stable boron (B) nuclide. 1a. Identify the missing information for this decay. [1 mark]

More information

Global Warming Science Solar Radiation

Global Warming Science Solar Radiation SUN Ozone and Oxygen absorb 190-290 nm. Latent heat from the surface (evaporation/ condensation) Global Warming Science Solar Radiation Turbulent heat from the surface (convection) Some infrared radiation

More information

Overview of renewable energy

Overview of renewable energy Overview of renewable energy Outline What is renewable energy? Renewable energy sources Renewable energy technologies: - Characteristics - Uses What is renewable energy? Energy that doesn t run out! Energy

More information

CONNECTICUT SCIENCE FRAMEWORK. Grade 6

CONNECTICUT SCIENCE FRAMEWORK. Grade 6 CONNECTICUT SCIENCE FRAMEWORK Grade 6 Core Themes, Content Standards and Expected Performances Properties of Matter How does the structure of matter affect the properties and uses of materials? 6.1 - Materials

More information

Lecture 11: Global Warming. Human Acticities. Natural Climate Changes. Global Warming: Natural or Man-Made CO 2 CH 4

Lecture 11: Global Warming. Human Acticities. Natural Climate Changes. Global Warming: Natural or Man-Made CO 2 CH 4 Lecture 11: Global Warming Human Acticities CO 2 CH 4 The initial appearance of human species: last 100,000 to 200,000 years Development of the first civilization: the last 10,000 years What is the sensitivity

More information

(a) Eppley pyranometer (b) Sun shine recorder. [8+8]

(a) Eppley pyranometer (b) Sun shine recorder. [8+8] Code No: RR410206 Set No. 1 IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008 NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES (Electrical & Electronic Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE

More information

Analyze the causes and effects of air pollution. Acid precipitation 1.

Analyze the causes and effects of air pollution. Acid precipitation 1. Lesson 4 Air Quality HE.6.C.1.3, LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.6.E.7.5, SC.6.E.7.9, SC.6.N.1.1, SC.6.N.1.4 Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three

More information

SAMPLE PAGE. Sustainable Energy Sources By: Sue Peterson

SAMPLE PAGE. Sustainable Energy Sources By: Sue Peterson Page 38 Objective sight words (consumption, terrain, integral, orbit, originated, contemporary, remote); concepts (sustainable, renewable, photovoltaics, gasification) Vocabulary consumption originated

More information

Curriculum Connections for re- energy.ca

Curriculum Connections for re- energy.ca Curriculum Connections for re- energy.ca Science, Grades 6 to 12 Alberta & Northwest Territories SCIENCE 7 Heat and Temperature Overall apply an understanding of heat and temperature in interpreting natural

More information

ATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007

ATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007 ATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007 Name This examination consists of a total of 100 points. In each of the first two sections, you have a choice of which questions to answer. Please note that you

More information

Course Lecture on book: Renewable Energy Power For A Sustainable Future Godfrey Boyle

Course Lecture on book: Renewable Energy Power For A Sustainable Future Godfrey Boyle 1 Course Lecture on book: Renewable Energy Power For A Sustainable Future Godfrey Boyle Chapter 1: Introducing Renewable Energy 1.1 Introduction Sun s power is 380 billion, billion MW. Each second, 600

More information

Chapter: Conserving Resources

Chapter: Conserving Resources Table of Contents Chapter: Conserving Resources Section 1: Resources Section 2: Pollution Section 3: The Three Rs of Conservation *Problems related to the use of Fossil Fuels Limited availability Pollution

More information

Radiative forcing of climate change

Radiative forcing of climate change Radiative forcing of climate change Joanna D. Haigh Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London Radiative forcing concept, definition and applications On a global and annual average, and

More information

How our atmosphere evolved

How our atmosphere evolved Earth s Atmosphere How our atmosphere evolved I. The early atmosphere did not support life. It contained deadly gases such as Methane and Ammonia. There was very little Oxygen. II. Over time, gases were

More information

Energy and Global Issues

Energy and Global Issues Energy and Global Issues Chemical reactions Reactions that release heat are exothermic Reactions that absorb heat from surroundings are endothermic The energy involved in chemical reactions is measured

More information

PRACTICAL AND MORAL OUTCOMES with Renewable Energy

PRACTICAL AND MORAL OUTCOMES with Renewable Energy PRACTICAL AND MORAL OUTCOMES with Renewable Energy Energising the future: Redcliffe College and JRI 12 February 2011 John Twidell AMSET Centre amset@onetel.com Why practical? Because nothing energy lives

More information

Renewable Energy Today

Renewable Energy Today Chapter 18 Renewable Energy Today Renewable Energy energy from a source that is constantly being reformed. Many governments are planning to increase their use of renewable energy resources. This will reduce

More information

SCI-6 SOL Practice Questions_6th Grade Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions

SCI-6 SOL Practice Questions_6th Grade Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions SCI-6 SOL Practice Questions_6th Grade Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions [Exam ID:392MWT 1 The quality of pond water can be determined by identifying the number and types of organisms found

More information

How Can Thermal Effects Be Explained?

How Can Thermal Effects Be Explained? How Can Thermal Effects Be Explained? Lesson 6, Part 3: Climate Science The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect The Earth will maintain equilibrium (constant stable temperature level) if the energy coming in is.

More information

Normal equatorial flow. Climate Variability. El Niño-Southern Oscillation Human-caused climate change Alternative Energy sources

Normal equatorial flow. Climate Variability. El Niño-Southern Oscillation Human-caused climate change Alternative Energy sources Normal equatorial flow Climate Variability El Niño-Southern Oscillation Human-caused climate change Alternative Energy sources Vertical normal flow ENSO disruption of flow Vertical ENSO flow Normal vs.

More information

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell History of Energy Usage 1700 s - almost all our energy came from wind, water, firewood, or muscle

More information

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Renewable Energy Resources by J Twidell History of Energy Usage 1700 s - almost all our energy came from wind, water, firewood, or muscle

More information

Alternative Energy. 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear. 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power)

Alternative Energy. 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear. 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power) Alternative Energy 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear a. Fusion b. Fission 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power) Solar Energy Solar energy uses energy from the

More information

HS AP Environmental Science Science

HS AP Environmental Science Science Scope And Sequence Timeframe Unit Instructional Topics Course Description This course is designed to be the equivalent of a one-semester introductory college course in Environmental. Its goal is to provide

More information

Chapter 4.2: Energy Sources. Energy

Chapter 4.2: Energy Sources. Energy Chapter 4.2: Energy Sources Energy SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Infinite supply NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Limited supply Part 1 Fossil Fuels NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOSSIL FUELS Coal,

More information

Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation

Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation Overview of Chapter 13 Direct Solar Energy Indirect Solar Energy Wind Biomass Hydropower Geothermal Tidal High and Low Technology Energy Solutions Direct Solar

More information

Lecture 1: Hydrologic cycle

Lecture 1: Hydrologic cycle 1-1 GEOG415 Lecture 1: Hydrologic cycle Hydrologic cycle is ultimately driven by solar radiation, which evaporates water from the ocean and lift it up in the atmosphere. Dunne & Leopold, 1978, Fig. 1-1

More information

Solar panels The Fizzics Organisation

Solar panels The Fizzics Organisation Most solar panels installed on houses in the last few years convert the energy of sunlight directly into electrical energy. These are photovoltaic cells. Solar panels 3 This electricity can be used around

More information

1.9 Greece s climatic parameters 30

1.9 Greece s climatic parameters 30 Contents Chapter 1 The climate of the Eastern Mediterranean and Greece: past, present and future 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Paleoclimatic changes 3 1.3 Climate change in the Holocene 7 1.4 Past rates of increase

More information

Climate Change Questions, Condensed

Climate Change Questions, Condensed Climate Change Questions, Condensed Chapter 8: Earth s Climate System and Natural Change Climate and Weather - Weather is the atmospheric conditions such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity

More information

Advanced Placement Environmental Science Syllabus/Pacing Guide

Advanced Placement Environmental Science Syllabus/Pacing Guide Advanced Placement Environmental Science Syllabus/Pacing Guide Course Description The AP Environmental Science course is designed to be the equivalent of a one-semester, introductory college course in

More information

and Kenneth J. Skipka Louis Theodore

and Kenneth J. Skipka Louis Theodore ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, MANAGEMENT, and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Kenneth J. Skipka Louis Theodore CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor &

More information

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Chapter 2 ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS SUMMARY DR. MUNZER EBAID Dr. Munzer

More information

Greenhouse Effect. How we stay warm

Greenhouse Effect. How we stay warm Greenhouse Effect How we stay warm The Sun s energy reaches Earth through Radiation (heat traveling through Space) How much solar radiation reaches Earth? The Earth s surface only absorbs 51% of incoming

More information

Ph 313, Fall 2018: Study guide for the final exam.

Ph 313, Fall 2018: Study guide for the final exam. Major types of fossil fuels; their global distribution, and for how long the resources are expected to last. Major types of heat engines: piston steam, steam turbine, gas turbine, gasoline engine, Diesel

More information

Chapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution I. Central Case: The 1952 Killer Smog of London

Chapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution I. Central Case: The 1952 Killer Smog of London Chapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution I. Central Case: The 1952 Killer Smog of London A. Thick smog first settled over the city on December 5, 1952, when many residents stoked: B. A wind finally

More information

GraspIT AQA Energy Questions

GraspIT AQA Energy Questions A. Energy changes and energy stores part 1 Energy systems and energy changes 1. Describe the energy store changes when a rocket firework is lit, goes up in the air and then falls back to the ground. (4)

More information

What type of radiation transmits heat energy? Complete this sentence. Hotter objects emit infrared radiation than cooler objects.

What type of radiation transmits heat energy? Complete this sentence. Hotter objects emit infrared radiation than cooler objects. Page 1 What type of radiation transmits heat energy? Complete this sentence Hotter objects emit infrared radiation than cooler objects. What type of surfaces are good absorbers and good emitters of infrared

More information

Renewable Energy Sources and

Renewable Energy Sources and Second Edition Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies D.P. Kothari K.C. Singal Rakesh Ranjan Geothermal Earth Ocean waves Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies Second Edition D.P.

More information

CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 6. Volume 1

CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 6. Volume 1 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 6 Volume 1 Acid Deposition and Energy Use Aggregation of Energy Aircraft and Energy Use Air Pollution from Energy Production and Use Air Pollution, Health Effects of Alternative Transportation

More information

Wake Acceleration Academy Earth & Environmental Science: Semester B Note Guide Unit 2: Earth s Changing Climate

Wake Acceleration Academy Earth & Environmental Science: Semester B Note Guide Unit 2: Earth s Changing Climate 1 Wake Acceleration Academy Earth & Environmental Science: Semester B Note Guide Unit 2: Earth s Changing Extra Resources Website: http://waa-science.weebly.com Module 1: The Mechanics of Change 1. What

More information

REET Energy Conversion. 0 Introduction. Energy. the ability or capacity to do work

REET Energy Conversion. 0 Introduction. Energy. the ability or capacity to do work REET 3020 Energy Conversion 0 Introduction Energy can be defined as: Energy the ability or capacity to do work or the property of a system that diminishes when the system does work on any other system,

More information

Renewable Energy. Visible light. Cool air. Warm air. Condensation. Precipitation. Evaporation

Renewable Energy. Visible light. Cool air. Warm air. Condensation. Precipitation. Evaporation Renewable Energy All renewable energy sources derive from the Sun. The Sun provides the energy that drives our weather systems and water cycle. It is the prime source of all energy on Earth and it is essential

More information

Water Science and the Environment HWRS 201

Water Science and the Environment HWRS 201 Water Science and the Environment HWRS 201 Dr. Mr. Ghasemian 2015 Office hours and contact information Office hours MWF - or by appointment Starting Harshbarger 3 Contact 621- r @.arizona.edu D2L site

More information

Energy. Solar Energy. Energy Resource A natural resource that. humans use to generate energy. Can be renewable are nonrenewable.

Energy. Solar Energy. Energy Resource A natural resource that. humans use to generate energy. Can be renewable are nonrenewable. Energy Solar Energy Energy Resource A natural resource that humans use to generate energy. Can be renewable are nonrenewable. energy sources are replaced by natural processes at least as quickly as they

More information

Energy, Power and Climate Change

Energy, Power and Climate Change Energy, Power and Climate Change Thermal energy can be completely converted to work in a single process. Example: isothermal expansion Q = ΔU + W ΔU = 0 so Q = W A continuous conversion of thermal energy

More information

M1. allow 1 mark for each correct line if more than one line goes from an energy source then all lines from that energy source are wrong [3]

M1. allow 1 mark for each correct line if more than one line goes from an energy source then all lines from that energy source are wrong [3] M. allow mark for each correct line if more than one line goes from an energy source then all lines from that energy source are wrong [3] M2. (a) gas (burning) (b) (i) (transmission) cables and (step-up

More information

GraspIT AQA Energy Questions

GraspIT AQA Energy Questions A. Energy changes and energy stores part 1 Energy systems and energy changes 1. Describe the energy store changes when a rocket firework is lit, goes up in the air and then falls back to the ground. (4)

More information

INTRODUCTION Energy in a complete sense, is hard to define. however to start with, the word energy may be understood as the capability to do work.

INTRODUCTION Energy in a complete sense, is hard to define. however to start with, the word energy may be understood as the capability to do work. INTRODUCTION in a complete sense, is hard to define. however to start with, the word energy may be understood as the capability to do work. FORMS OF ENERGY Various forms of energy is shown in Fig 1.1.

More information

carbon-neutral architectural design Pablo La Roche CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the

carbon-neutral architectural design Pablo La Roche CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the carbon-neutral architectural design Pablo La Roche CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor fit Francis Group, an informs business Contents Preface

More information

Greenhouse gases. A snow-covered surface refl ects massive amounts of sunlight and therefore has a cooling effect on the climate.

Greenhouse gases. A snow-covered surface refl ects massive amounts of sunlight and therefore has a cooling effect on the climate. A k t u e l N a t u r v i d e n s k a b 2 0 0 9 G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S 13 Greenhouse gases - and their impact on the climate The greenhouse effect is the best understood and well mapped of the mechanisms

More information

Non-Conventional Energy Resources. G.S. Sawhney

Non-Conventional Energy Resources. G.S. Sawhney Non-Conventional Energy Resources G.S. Sawhney Non-Conventional Energy Resources G.S. SAWHNEY Professor and Head Department of Mechanical Engineering Accurate Institute of Management and Technology Greater

More information

Renewable Energies and Low-Carbon Society: Application of CGE Model to Toyohashi City in Japan

Renewable Energies and Low-Carbon Society: Application of CGE Model to Toyohashi City in Japan Renewable Energies and Low-Carbon Society: Application of CGE Model to Toyohashi City in Japan Yuzuru Miyata Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology and Shuai

More information

What are the 3 ways in which energy can travel? Explain what. conduction is. Does conduction happen best in solids, liquids or gases?

What are the 3 ways in which energy can travel? Explain what. conduction is. Does conduction happen best in solids, liquids or gases? What are the 3 ways in which energy can travel? Explain what conduction is What type of materials are good conductors and what type of materials are bad conductors (good insulators)? Does conduction happen

More information

Environmental Science Final Exam Study Guide

Environmental Science Final Exam Study Guide Environmental Science Final Exam Study Guide Name: Exam Date: Exam Time: Exam Room: FINAL EXAM SCHEDULE June 13 and 16, 2014 Block One classes Block Three classes Block Four classes Friday, June 13, 2014

More information

P1 Knowledge Organiser: Kinetic theory

P1 Knowledge Organiser: Kinetic theory Describe the movement of particles in a solid Properties of solids Describe the movement of particles in a liquid Properties of a liquid Describe the movement of particles in a gas Properties of a gas

More information

MAE 119 W2018 FINAL EXAM PROF. G.R..TYNAN Part I: MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION 2 POINTS EACH

MAE 119 W2018 FINAL EXAM PROF. G.R..TYNAN Part I: MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION 2 POINTS EACH MAE 119 W2018 FINAL EXAM PROF. G.R..TYNAN Part I: MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION 2 POINTS EACH 1. Which best describes the working definition of energy used in class: a. Energy can be transformed and in doing

More information