Evaluation of the potential implementation of a FWS within an Italian natural wetland for the area restoration and maintenance: Torre Flavia Wetland
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1 Evaluation of the potential implementation of a FWS within an Italian natural wetland for the area restoration and maintenance: Torre Flavia Wetland Session Integrated water management through natural systems Tallin Gianpaolo Sabia, Luigi Petta ENEA-Waste and Wastewaters Laboratory USER-R4R Filippo Moretti, ENEA-Agrifood Sustainability, Quality and Safety Laboratory BIOAGSOQUAS
2 WATER-DROP PROJECT WATER DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES OPPORTUNITY POLICIES FOR THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN SEMI-ARID AREAS PARTNERSHIP ITALIAN PILOT ACTION: TORRE FLAVIA NATURAL WETLAND Funded by the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme Duration: 24 months (December December 2015) Website: water-drop.enea.it Project manager : Filippo Moretti ENEA..among the expected results: A better Water Cycle Management achieved in the target areas including improved management of the Italian Torre Flavia area (Rome)
3 State of the Art: Site history and background The wetland is the residual part of a wide system of marshland and salty ponds extended for hundreds of hectares at the beginning of the last century. Natural (sediment entrapment, deposition of plant debris and organic residues, erosion) and human activities (soil disposal land reclamations) reduced its extension and actually the wetland has a 16 ha extension Up to 2007, some local fish farming operators appropriate managing actions allowing an effective wetland water level control, and avoiding the area filling risks. After the closure of the productive activities, Province of Rome decided to keep the area flooded all year long instead of allowing the natural rotation of dry and wet periods in relation to seasons. Currently, a regular freshwater supply which is required with a cost of about euro/y. Main wetland sub-areas and related extension. Area Extension (ha) Beach Area Submerged area (open water) Area (4.15) Dried up area Area Area of renovation work Area Total Area Area
4 Wetland water balance 600 Rain-ETP (mm) Monthly Rain (mm) Monthly ETP (mm) Rain-ETP (m3) Freshwater provided (m3) January 2013 July 2013 January 2014 July 2014 January 2015 July 2015 December January 2013 July 2013 January 2014 July 2014 January 2015 July 2015 December 2015 For a total average amount of about 750 mm/year the wetland area input was calculated as m 3 /year whereas water loss by potential evapotranspiration was m 3 /year During the warmer season the combined effect of higher evapotranspiration rates, an insufficient rainfall supply and low water inputs from the existing natural channels connected to the wetland, would imply drought issue and burying phenomena mainly due to the deposition of plant debris and organic residues during the wet-dry alternating conditions. The Controlling Authority provided during the three-year period an average amount of m 3 /year of freshwater to regulate the wetland water level.
5 1 step: Analysis of Wetland fluxes and water quality Input 1: The inlet point of the fresh water supplied for the water level control Station 8 ) Input 2: The input from a ditch collecting runoff water coming from the surrounding agricultural fields and from Fosso di Torre Flavia channel (@ Station 3) Output: wetland outlet to the sea by means a floodgate (@ Station 7) Monitoring plan: 4 campaigns (ember 2014, ch, May and ember 2015) in 10 monitoring stations Samples in triplicate Parameters: ph, DO, EC, T, TDS, Salinity, ORP, BOD, COD, NH 4 N, NO 2 -N, NO 3 -N, PO 4 -P Data processing: Cluster analysis to classify and group the monitoring stations on the basis of the parameter trends similarity Data aggregation by means Water Quality Index (WQI) WQI= wipi Weights for WQI derived by means of a Factor Analysis
6 mg/l CA grouping and monitoring results Tree diagram for the 10 stations (Ward s method rotation, Euclidean distance) 2.0 NH4-N NO2-N NO3-N PO4-P With the exception for nitrate in Cl.A in, nitrogen and phosphate values were higher on e in all the stations 1.0 Cl.A stations reported the highest nutrient values likely due to the presence of the drain channel in correspondence of the ST3 (water runoff from the surrounding fields and unidentified uncontrolled discharges) 0.0
7 mg/l mgo2/l Monitoring results BOD5/COD COD BOD5 BOD 5 values were almost stable (around 5 mgo 2 L 1 ) in all the stations. COD values reached maximum values on e with a decline in the following monitored periods. runoff The BOD 5 /COD ratio showed the higher value for all the grouped stations on ch, whereas its maximum value was reported on ember in Cl.C, indicating higher organic pollutant degradability TDS EC and TDS showed a gradual increase from ch to ember. EC To be highlighted: The pollutant concentration effect due to water losses in warmer seasons. The dilution of pollutants due to the freshwater supply affecting differently the wetland sub-basins as identified by CA groupings The freshwater supplies probably promoted transport mechanisms of particulate materials among wetland sectors.
8 WQI results FA weights N-NH 4 N-NO 2 N-NO 3 P-PO 4 COD BOD 5 DO ph ORP TDS BOD 5/COD Seasonal and spatial variation of the WQI 5 4 ST 4 ST 9 ST 8 ST 3ST 2 ST 4 ST 8ST 10 ST 10 ST 5ST 1 ST 6ST 9 ST 5 ST 7 ST 7 ST Sep Sep 3 ST 3 ST 2 ST 1 3 Sep 2 Sep 2 ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 ST 6 ST 7 ST 8 ST 9 ST 10 The WQI provided a global and concise view of the wetland water status and highlighted a spatial diversification of the water quality for the three identified groups of stations The water quality decreased during the summer season, especially on e ST8-9 water quality increased on ember contrarily to ST1 for the increase of Nitrates, BOD 5, COD, TDS and EC. The stations belonging to the ClA, evidenced more clearly an increase in the water status on ember as consequence of the freshwater contribution capable to promote pollutant dilution and transportation processes of soluble and particulate materials towards the other wetland sub-basins. ST1-2-3 (ClC) would belong to a wetland zone less interested by water exchanges also when freshwater is delivered: no effective changes in the water quality status were evidenced from e to ember.
9 2 step: hypothesis on the use of Ladispoli WWTP Wetland use as FWS receiving treated wastewaters from a local UWWTP in order to restore the water balance, achieve economic savings assuring no environmental impacts Wetland Connection Pipe (1000 mt) WWTP Inlet x m ±d.std Outlet x m ±d.std ƞ % max D.Lgs. 152/2006 Discharge onto soil D.M. 185/2003 ph 7.46± ± EC (µs/cm) 972.± ± SST (mg/l) 142± ± COD (mg/l) 304± ± BOD 5 (mg/l) 129± ± Ammonia (mg NH 4 /L) 45.2 ± ± Ammonia (mg NH 4 -N/L) 35.2± ± Nitrite (mg NO 2 -N/L) 0.85± ± Nitrate (mg N-NO 3 /L) 3.78± ± TN * (mg N/L) 39.8± ± Treated Water Outlet The monitoring campaign included the analytical characterization of Ladispoli UWWTP ( P.E.) influent and effluent wastewater in order to verify the water compliance with the normative limits. The plant showed good performances in pollutant removal Taking into account more restrictive laws, nitrogen values exceeded the defined limits. Wetland auto-depurative capacity was assessed through common empirical plug flow models (Model k-c* (Kadlec e Knight, 1996), Model monoparametric (Reed, Crites & Middlebrooks 1998)
10 Modelling Approach Model k-c* (Kadlec e Knight, 1996) Model monoparametric (Reed, Crites & Middlebrooks 1998) FWS are approximated to different plug-flow systems in series Semi-empirical coefficients to estimate the removal kinetics of the main pollutants Evaluations carried out for both summer and winter conditions Assumed flowrate from the Ladispoli UWWTP of m 3 Geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the system Units Value Depth h m 1 Porosity ɛ FWS Surface Aw m Volume Vw m Influent flux Qo m 3 /d HRT d 2.7 HSL q m/d 0.12 Models applied to calculate the maximum pollutant loads potentially deliverable to the FWS system ensuring the compliance with wastewater discharge onto soil (D.Lgs. 152/2006) and wastewater re-use (D.M. 185/2003).
11 Model results Model results a maximum admissible pollutant concentrations Reed Model Kadlec model Parameter Summer conditions mg L -1 max Winter conditions Winter Summer conditions conditions mg L -1 max BOD BOD NH NH SST 73.0 N tot NO According to models, ammonia represents the limiting parameter during the winter season. Referring to the maximum NH4 concentration observed at the UWWTP effluent (14.44 mg L-1), and taking into account the Kadlec s result the admissible flowrate should be modulated to m 3 d -1 corresponding to about 17% of the average annual Ladispoli UWWTP effluent flow. In this view, the HRT rises to 28.5 days and results adequate to remove organic and nitrogen pollutants. It is worth noting as the wetland requires external water contributions to restore the hydric balance during warmer seasons when the biological process rates are higher as well as the natural pollutant removal mechanisms. Therefore, a sustainable scenario may exclude the UWWTP effluent contribution during the winter season, when the models show a greater wetland system sensitivity towards pollutants loads. The models showed as using the UWWTP effluent to tackle the water stress during warmer season would not imply any environmental impacts
12 Hypothesised operational actions and benefit vs costs The Area 4, recently interested by operational works, could serve as a pre-treatment step for the WWTP effluent. A CWS could be designed and implemented to reduce eventual pollutant load by promoting natural processes. Firstly, freshwater to be providied up to the development of a structured natural ecosystem with vegetation coverage (Phragmites australis) Secondly, effluent from WWTP would be supplied. Potential enlargement to Area 3 To be evaluated: Costs Costs: Pipeline and equipment Land displacement Management Water quality monitoring Naturalistic paths building Contaminants and sediment are filtered Bacteria breakdown contaminants Benefits: Environmental development Increase biodiversity and landscape Economical and recreational activities Coastline protection, erosion control Availability of water at a low cost
13 Thank you for the attention! Session Integrated water management through natural systems Tallin Under review: Ecological Engineering Journal Contacts: Luigi Petta, ENEA SSPT-USERR4 Filippo Moretti, ENEA SSPT-BIOAG-SOQUAS Gianpaolo Sabia, ENEA SSPT-USER R4R Riccardo Ceccarelli: free consultant
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