Water Quality Monitoring:
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1 Water Quality Monitoring: Lesson Plan for Exploring Time Series Data Presenters: Janet Vail, Fallon Januska, Dirk Koopmans
2 Lake Michigan Center in Muskegon, Michigan Home of Annis Water Resources Institute
3
4 What can time-series lake data tell us about seasonal ecosystem dynamics and upstream influences? Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to Explain the advantages of using times-series data sets for water monitoring versus single (one time) measurements. Construct and interpret graphs of real-time environmental data. Formulate a question about water quality and select the appropriate data to answer the question. Explore patterns as well as cause and effect relationships.
5 Engage
6 Engage
7 Lake Superior
8 Lake Erie
9 Water Quality Parameters Biological - Phytoplankton - Zooplankton - Benthic organisms - Detritus - Macrophytes - Fish* - Bacteria* Chemical - ph - Dissolved oxygen - Conductivity - Phosphorus* - Nitrogen* - Alkalinity* - Metals* - Organics* Physical - Depth - Water Clarity - Turbidity - Water Color - Bottom materials - Waves & Currents - Temperature
10 Table 1. Sources and associated pollutants U.S. EPA, 2015 Source Cropland Forestry harvest Grazing land Industrial discharge Mining Septic systems Sewage treatment plants Construction Urban runoff Common Associated Pollutants Turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, temperature, total solids Turbidity, temperature, total solids Fecal bacteria, turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, temperature Temperature, conductivity, total solids, toxics, ph ph, alkalinity, total dissolved solids Fecal bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli), nitrates, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen/biochemical oxygen demand, conductivity, temperature Dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, conductivity, Phosphorus, nitrates, fecal bacteria, temperature, total solids, ph Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, total solids, and toxics Turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand
11 Explore About the Muskegon Lake Observatory
12 Location of the Muskegon Lake Observatory
13 Muskegon Lake Observatory Collects air/water data 4-12 times per hour Sends the data to GVSU computer, then to the internet
14 What s connected to the buoy?
15 What is being measured? Water sensors have measured over 13 parameters including temperature, oxygen, nutrients, light, ph, conductivity, algal pigments (chlorophyll), bacterial pigments (phycocyanin), and current speed and direction. Air sensors measured 8 parameters including temperature, wind, humidity, and precipitation.
16 Temperature Oxygen Light Nutrients Turbidity Algae Wind Rain Water speed Sensors
17
18 Current Conditions
19 Interactive Data Plotting Tool
20
21 Interactive Data Plotting Tool Air Temperature at the Muskegon Lake Observatory
22 Let s Explore!
23 a. Water temperature at 2 M (specific date, every X minutes) There is a single point on the graph, which is the mean temperature, about 73.4 F.
24 b. Water temperature at 2 M (specific date, all day)
25 c. Water temperature at 2 M (range of dates for 1 month)
26 d. Water temperature at 2 M (range of dates for 5 months)
27 e. Water temperature at 2 M and Water temperature at 11 M (range of dates for 5 months)
28 Predict - Explain - Plot Explain Again What trends do the data show? Why do the data show those trends? Is the trend different or the same than you predicted? If it s the same, justify. If it s different, justify why?
29 When do algal blooms happen in Muskegon Lake? What parameter(s) would measure that? Make a prediction for the levels of your parameter between April and November. Parameter Amount April November
30 Chlorophyll
31 Phycocyanin
32 Muskegon Lake, September 2015
33 Elaborate > Patterns > Cause and effect
34 2011 Water Temperature and Chlorophyll
35 Water Temperature and Phycocyanin 2011
36 Evaluate Suppose each year a class can do one day of water monitoring. When should the monitoring be done? If we compare the data from one year to the next, how can we know that any trends are meaningful? How will we know if things have changed or remained the same? How can human activities impact the aquatic environment and what evidence do we have (or require) to evaluate and mitigate that impact?
37 Resources
38 Buoys are all over the world
39 Next Generation & Michigan Science Standards Using authentic data helps students to identify patterns, change through time, and cause and effect. The lesson sequence above follows the science and engineering practices of asking questions, defining problems, analyzing and interpreting data, constructing explanations, and engaging in argument from evidence.
40 So what do these sensors tell us about seasonal ecosystem dynamics and upstream influences?
41 So what do these sensors tell us about seasonal ecosystem dynamics and upstream influences? How do these sensors help make scientific discoveries?
42 How to make a scientific discovery Engage (to motivate the work ahead) Explore (patterns & study fundamentals) Explain (make guesses hypotheses and test them)
43 Engage Michalak, 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
44 Engage
45 Engage
46 Engage Circle of Blue
47 Engage Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
48 Engage What s causing this? Scientists don t know but they have guesses (hypotheses) Slow progress on nonpoint phosphorus sources (dissolved phosphorus) Quagga and zebra mussels eating everything but Microcystis Stronger thermal stratification as waters get warmer Hypoxia releasing phosphorus from sediments Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
49 Engage What s causing this? What can we do? Scientists don t know but they have guesses (hypotheses) Slow progress on nonpoint phosphorus sources (dissolved phosphorus) Quagga and zebra mussels eating everything but Microcystis Stronger thermal stratification as waters get warmer Hypoxia releasing phosphorus from sediments Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
50 Explore Theory: stratification drives hypoxia Does hypoxia get worse as the summer goes on?
51
52 Does hypoxia get worse as the summer goes on?
53 Does hypoxia get worse as the summer goes on?
54 Does hypoxia get worse as the summer goes on?
55 Does hypoxia get worse as the summer goes on?
56
57 65 F 55 F
58
59 21 C
60 65 F 55 F
61 65 F 55 F 65 F 47 F
62
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