Coral Reefs and Other Vulnerable, Valuable Ecosystems
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1 Coral Reefs and Other Vulnerable, Valuable Ecosystems Lauretta Burke, World Resources Institute (WRI) Expert Group Meeting on Oceans, Seas and Sustainable Development: Implementation and follow-up to Rio +20 United Nations, New York, April 18 th, 2013
2 Key Messages (for coral reefs and associated ecosystems) 1. Coral reefs are valuable 2. Coral reefs are extremely threatened 3. Many coastal communities will suffer due to coral degradation and loss 4. Current coastal management efforts are insufficient 5. Coral reef ecosystems are resilient 6. International efforts help some 7. More / persuasive information is needed 8. Example - Economic values can be useful 9. Example - Management scorecards highlight progress
3 Major Partners Contributing Institutions Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) Conservation International (CI) Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) Oceana Planetary Coral Reef Foundation Project AWARE Foundation Reef Check Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) SeaWeb Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) University of South Florida (USF) University of the South Pacific (USP) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Financial Support The Chino Cienega Foundation The David and Lucile Packard Foundation The Henry Foundation International Coral Reef Initiative The Marisla Foundation National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Ocean Foundation Roy Disney Family Foundation The Tiffany & Co. Foundation U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of State U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
4 Interconnected habitats
5 Photo credit: Coral Reef Adventure/MacGillivray Freeman Films
6 275 million people are highly reef-dependent
7 Photo Credit: Crispin Zeeman
8 Photo credit: Konstantin Tkachenko
9 Photo credit: Klaus Stiefel/Flikr
10 Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
11 Photo credit: Krishna Desai
12 2.Local Threats Global Threats Coastal development Sediment and pollution Marine pollution and damage Overfishing Destructive fishing Warming seas Ocean acidification Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
13 More than 60% of reefs are threatened by local activities
14 Integrated local threats to coral reefs Low Medium High Very High
15 Integrated local threat by region (by reef area)
16 Projections of thermal stress (2030 and 2050) 2030s 2050s Source: Simon Donner, 2009.
17 Projections of ocean acidification (2030 and 2050) 450 ppm CO 2 (2030) 500 ppm CO 2 (2050) Source: Cao and Caldeira, 2008.
18 Integrated threat from local activities: today Low Medium High Very High
19 Integrated local and global threat: 2030 Low Medium High Very High Critical
20 Integrated local and global threat: 2050 Low Medium High Very High Critical
21 3. Social and Economic Vulnerability Assessment Where are threats to reefs likely to have the most serious social and economic consequences for reef nations?
22 Vulnerability of 108 countries and territories 1. Reef threats 2. Reef-dependence population fisheries employment exports nutritional dependence tourism shoreline protection Photo: Joshua Cinner/ARC Centre of Excellence 3. Adaptive capacity economic resources education health governance access to markets agricultural resources
23 Social and economic dependence on coral reefs
24 Social and economic vulnerability to reef degradation
25 4. MPAs / Management Effectiveness (27% of reefs in MPAs)
26 Photo credit: Steve Lindfield 5. Reasons for hope
27 Actions needed: Reduce local pressures Enforce existing regulations!!! Manage for climate change Tackle GHG emissions Photo credit: GBRMPA
28 6. Rio + 20 Outcome 176. We also recognize the significant economic, social and environmental contributions of coral reefs, in particular to islands and other coastal States, as well as the significant vulnerability of coral reefs and mangroves to impacts, including from climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, destructive fishing practices and pollution. We support international cooperation with a view to conserving coral reef and mangrove ecosystems and realizing their social, economic and environmental benefits, as well as facilitating technical collaboration and voluntary information-sharing.
29 International Initiatives Regional Seas Conventions legally binding primary implementers of ICRI Support monitoring, training and capacity building important for validating funding requests, including GEF ICRI promotes information exchange (GCRMN) GPA on LBS
30 7. More Information is needed (also more persuasive) Recycling data Lack of information Information to influence decisions
31 8. Economic Valuation: Coastal Capital
32 3 Goods and Services Evaluated Fisheries Tourism Shoreline Protection Benefits: Tangible Relevance to national and local economies Data available
33 Annual economic contribution of coral reefs in Belize is between US $270 and $370 million in Coral Reef Goods and Serivces - (Annual Values) 200 U S $ m illio n s High Low 0 Tourism and Recreation Fisheries Shoreline Protection
34 Influence in Belize
35 Influence Review - Enabling Conditions local demand for valuation a clear policy question strong local partnerships access to decision-makers good governance with high transparency study areas with a high dependence on coastal resources Precision and method over-rated Transparency about assumptions is key
36 9. Assessment of Coastal Management: Eco-Audit of the MAR Four countries Over 40 organizations Over 100 individuals 22 indicators across 7 themes Serves as basis for measuring future progress
37 Regional Average for MAR THEMES
38
39 Theme MPAs
40 $$$ Speaks Recommendations Invest in economic valuation, focused on specific policy questions Pilot the Management Scorecard concept in other locations Develop standardized themes, indicators, and criteria Apply widely
41 Thank you Photo credit: Wolcott Henry
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