A LIDAR SYSTEM FOR REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF OIL FILM THICKNESS ON SEA SURFACE *

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1 A LIDAR SYSTEM FOR REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF OIL FILM THICKNESS ON SEA SURFACE * Jacek Piskozub, Violetta Drozdowska Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland; piskozub@iopan.gda Viktor Varlamov Institute of Ecology Tallinn, Estonia ABSTRACT A new lidar system FLS-UV designed for measurement of oil film thickness is described. The system consisting of solid state 299 nm laser and a multichannel spectral receiver was produced by LDI Ltd, Tallinn Estonia in close collaboration with Laser Laboratory of Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. The system is able to measure oil film thickness in the range of micrometers. It utilizes two methods: light absorption of Raman band in UV and measurement of fluorescence band intensity. The system is designed for continuous measurement from ship or low altitude aircraft. Technical description of the system as well as first experimental results are presented. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Detection of pollution raw oil and oil products on water surfaces is one of the most important issues of environment protection. Problem acuteness is defined by the fact that oil thin-film on water surface changes character of aquatic and atmospheric processes (vaporization, gas-exchange, changes in solar spectrum, changes in water chemical composition etc.), which produce changes in biochemical processes in aquatic environment. Detection of film thickness and chemical composition is of particular importance for estimating the action on the environment and needed protective measures. Remote sensing methods using UV-radiation (LIDAR) presents as the most promising method. Other direct and indirect chemical methods they allow to remotely detect values of film-thickness of less that 1.0 mm (Hengstermann, Reuter 1990; Camagni et.al. 1991; Burlamacchi et.al. 1991). One of the methods of thin-film detection (from few micrometers to tenths of micrometer) is the registering Raman scattering from water and detecting of film-thickness by signal weakening on passage through the thin-film. Development and construction of relatively inexpensive instruments for express analysis in field conditions is one of most important objectives in this area. Choice of laser radiation source has * Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Orlando, Florida, March 1997.

2 extremely high impact of measurement results. Radiation wavelength and pulse energy are the two characteristics that have most importance. Pulse energy should be sufficient for excitation of intensive Raman signal from water, accounting for effective absorption of UV-band by oil thin-films. Additionally, choice of probing radiation wavelength is defined by fluorescence spectra of thin-film and dissolved organic components (DOM) present in natural waters, and also by specifics of water Raman scattering. Oil thin-film fluorescence is characterized by intensive emissions in 350 nm and above, which causes technical difficulties in distinguishing relatively weak water Raman signal against oil fluorescence background. DOM fluorescent spectra received from different sources have been investigated in (Patsayeva 1995). The results for 266, 308, 337, 488 and 532 nm excitation wavelengths have been presented and analyzed. It has been concluded that usage of 266 or 308 nm wavelengths decreases (or excludes) interference between fluorescence and Raman signals. 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS The work presented in this paper was done in Tallinn, Estonia in September and October Present work discusses laboratory investigations of hydrocarbon films on water surface using 299-YAG laser (fourth harmonic of 1062 nm equal to 266 nm has been converted to 299 nm with Raman gas vessel with H2 at 100 atm. pressure, 1 mj energy per pulse), XeCl excimer with 1 mj per pulse, Nitrogen laser with 70 mj per pulse. Advantage of such systems comparing to the widely used excimer (308 nm) and nitrogen (337 nm) lasers is the relatively high pulse energy (and small dimensions of system itself) and tighter bandwidth of generated radiation, which falls between 266 and 308 nm. The experimental layout is shown on Fig CREATING OF THIN OIL FILM UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS The following method was used for creating thin film over water surface. Calculated amount of oil, required for given film thickness, was mixed with acetone and dispersed over the surface with needle injector, water being at the room temperature. For example, to produce 1.0 µm film on defined surface S, required oil amount was dissolved in 2 cm 3 of acetone. Because acetone is practically infinitely soluble in water, oil forms spots 5-10 mm in diameter surface, which are then easily stirred to form homogeneous thin film. By repeating this procedure, films of desired thickness were produced.

3 Fig.1 The experimental layout. Separate measurements showed that acetone by itself did not affect the registering system in clear water measuring. As it is known, acetone fluorescence band lies in 450 nm spectral range, therefore measurements were not affected by the same amounts of acetone in water. After series of measurements considerable amount of acetone were accumulated in the water volume. To ensure that acetone presence does not affect measurements, the oil film was removed from the surface (by adding water to the volume through a pipe beneath the water surface) and the clean water measurements were carried out. The results were within one standard deviation from the original ones FILM THICKNESS DETERMINATION To calculate thickness of oil film, it is necessary to solve Beer-Lambert equation

4 I = I 0 exp (-ad) (1) where I - intensity of Raman scattering signal after passing through an oil film, I 0 - intensity of Raman scattering signal before oil film ( clean water signal), a - oil extinction coefficient, d - thickness of the film. Thus the thickness can be expressed as d = 1/a ln (I 0/I) (2) In the real measurements using the layout, described above, I 0 and I are measured at the different points of time. I 0 should be measured from clean water and it refers to film with zero thickness. I is associated with oil film, and measured later. Therefore, I 0(t) and I(t) are both functions of time and equation (2) should be rewritten as d = 1/a ln (I 0(t 1)/I(t 2)) (2a) where t 1, t 2 - are the times of the clan water and oil-film measurements. As the energy of the laser beam may change with time, the values of I 0(t) and I(t) should be normalize by dividing them by the corresponding laser pulse energy. 2.3 ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS, MEASURED THICKNESS AND STATISTICS Characteristic values of absorption coefficient of oil in nm spectral region are inside the range m -1. Thus a light beam is attenuated in 5% in intensity on 0.1 µm film thickness. Therefore measuring intensity with 1% accuracy allows us to evaluate film thickness with 20% accuracy, given the absorption coefficient is known. In field measurements, the necessary statistics should be possible to collect to satisfy the conditions. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result is a set of measuring of thickness by systems with three different source wavelength: 299, 308 and 337 nm. The differential intensity of normalized Raman scattering signal for these wavelength are presented on Fig.2. For 337 nm measurements two curve are presented. The first curve refers to oil with less absorption coefficient then for the second one. Energetic parameters (total pulse energy per record) of experimental set-up for each measured points (and series, consequently) were over the same to eliminate dependence on number of quanta in downwelling laser light at the water surface.

5 1000 Intensity of Raman scattering, a.u. DF, 337nm 800 DF, 308nm 600 L, 337nm 400 DF, 299nm Oil film thickness, m Fig. 2 Raman irradiance transmitted through the oil-film in function of its thickness (DF - Diesel Fuel, L - Motor Oil) The measurements were carried out for a set of oil film thickness values. The statistical curves shown on Fig.3 present calculated thickness for three time set series with 299 nm wavelength source. This picture show result for clean water, one oil volume and double one. Averaged thickness for each set is printed near the curve. 7 Thickness of oil film, m um 3.3 um 0 um Record number Fig. 3 Raw results of the oil-film thickness measurements Analysis of obtained results leads to the conclusion that a system based on the 299 nm source is

6 most suitable for measuring thin oil film. The system gives more stable and correct thickness of oil film than systems with higher wavelength sources. Standard error on the measurements for each measured point is illustrated on the Fig. 3. It is clear that a system based on the source with 299 nm wavelength has a higher sensitivity for measured thickness. This work was funded from the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) Project PB 983/PO4/95/ REFERENCES 1. T. Hengstermann, R. Reuter, Lidar fluorosensing of mineral oil spills on the sea surface, Applied Optics, Vol. 29, No. 22, p.3218, P. Camagni, A. Colombo, C. Koechler et al. Fluorescent response of mineral oils: spectral yield vs. absorption and decay time, Applied Optics, Vol. 30, No. 26, P. Burlamacchi, G. Cecchi, P. Mazzinghi, L. Pantani, Performance evaluation of UV sources for lidar fluorosensing of oil films, Applied Optics, Vol. 22, No. 1, p.48, S.V.Patsayeva, Remote measurement of thickness of oil film using contour analysis of water Raman scattering, In Optics for protection of man and environment against natural and technological disasters. Eds. G. von Bally, H.J. Bjelkhagen. (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers), S.V.Patsayeva, Fluorescent Remote Diagnostics of Oil Pollutions: Oil in Films and Oil Dispersed in the Water Body, ERASeL ADVANCES IN REMOTE SENSING Vol.3, No.3, pp , 1995

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