Green Chemistry in Action: Choosing the Right Materials Table 1 Sustainable Materials: Bioplastics
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1 Green Chemistry in Action: Choosing the Right Materials Green chemistry is fairly new. As you have learned, understanding the bonding and structure of a compound can help us predict its properties and determine its uses. In the past, chemists developed products without considering their effects on the environment. The practice of "green chemistry" involves the invention, design, and use of products and processes that have minimal environmental impact. Table 1 lists some of the aims of industries that have adopted these green chemistry principles. Traditionally, companies first produced consumer goods and afterwards discovered any negative effects on the environment. Only then did the companies bring in cleanup technologies. Green chemistry, however, is proactive about designing products and processes that will not harm the environment. This is a better way to both ensure sustainability and minimize health risks. In this section, we will explore three specific cases of green chemistry in action. Sustainable Materials: Bioplastics To develop a green alternative, companies begin by considering what raw materials they need to produce their product. Research chemists try to choose renewable raw materials. They also aim to create a product that functions efficiently and presents no risk to human health or to the environment. Every stage of product development and production should be environmentally safe, including the handling of any byproducts. The manufacturer should also consider what happens to the product at the end of its useful life. Most plastics are petrochemicals produced from fossil fuels. These plastics are non-biodegradable but many can be recycled at the end of their product life. Bioplastics, on the other hand, are plastics made from chemicals derived from plants (such as corn, potatoes, and peas). The plastic cup is manufactured under the name "Greenware:' It is made primarily from polylactate (PLA), which is synthesized from corn. The Greenware cup is marketed as "green" because it is compostable. This means that the cup will break down in a regulated industrial composting facility. Typically, at 55ºC and 90% humidity, micro-organisms first break the intermolecular bonds and then decompose the molecules themselves. Greenware products break down in approximately 50 days. This technology was awarded the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the U.S.A. in 2002.
2 Bioplastics manufacturers claim that their products significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by not using petrochemicals as a raw material. PLA production uses 20 % to 50 % less fossil fuels than the production of traditional plastics. Still, fossil fuels supply the energy for the production processes and for industrial composting at the end of the product's life cycle. Taking this into account, the "greenness" of these products is open to debate. Other uses of bioplastics include cutlery, food containers, and other types of packaging. While there are many advantages to using bioplastics, there are also arguments against their use. The corn used to provide the raw material is being diverted from the food supply. This raises corn prices and puts pressure on the limited area of agricultural land. It may lead to food shortages in some parts of the world, where farmers can get a higher price for their crops from bioplastics producers than the local population can afford to pay. Some people claim that bioplastics contaminate already established recycling processes. As well, bioplastics are expensive because they are made by emerging technologies. The cost may, however, come down as the technologies become established. Less Toxic Materials: Flame-Resistant Bioplastics We should all be concerned about the flammability and heat resistance of consumer products. For example, the plastic coating for electrical wires must be flame resistant to reduce the chance of electrical fires. As well, materials that are designed for use with hot objects must not melt, deform, or decompose. For example, a laptop computer case must be able to withstand high temperatures. The material must have relatively strong intermolecular forces. The flameresistant materials that are typically used in these products are toxic. The electronics industry, for example, uses brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in its plastics. BFRs do not break down easily so they are persistent in the environment. They also enter the food chain (for example, by fish eating contaminated sediment) and bioaccumulate in the tissues of carnivores. Environmental scientists are concerned about the effects of these toxic chemicals on the environment and on human health. Scientists are trying to replace these toxic plastics with bioplastics. PLA alone, however, is quite flammable. What would be a suitable additive, to reduce the flammability? Instead of using BFRs, scientists have developed a "green" alternative. This flame-retardant bioplastic uses a metal hydroxide flame retardant to absorb thermal energy. The energy is then unavailable for breaking intermolecular bonds. Tests show that this significantly improves the bioplastic's ability to withstand heat. NEC scientists have also developed a bioplastic made from a combination of PLA and fibre from a plant called kenaf. This biodegradable "super plastic" is stronger, and has a greater ability to resist heat, than PLA alone. Such a material promises to be very useful in products where heat resistance is required, such as in electronic devices.
3 Recycled Materials: Clothing from Pop Bottles How many pop bottles does it take to make a polar fleece jacket? Strange question? Not at all! For years an outdoor goods and gear company called Patagonia has been using recycled PET bottles to make their fleece products. Torontonians alone use about 100 million to 125 million plastic bottles every year. Approximately 50 % are recycled. The remaining bottles end up in landfill sites. It takes about 25 pop bottles to make a fleece product. The used bottles are first sorted and cleaned, then heated until they melt. Additional petrochemicals are added to give the material its desired consistency and properties. The liquid is turned into threads by squeezing it through tiny holes in a metal plate. After cooling, these threads go through further steps to turn them into a warm, soft, and durable fabric. Upcycling: High Fashion from Garbage The next time you are shopping in a major retail store, watch out for the trashiest products around! A U.S.-based company, TerraCycle, collects non-recyclable materials and turns them into a variety of colourful products (right). Upcycling is the strategy of making something saleable from garbage. The aim of upcycling is to eliminate waste by finding new and useful purposes for garbage. Other Areas of Interest in Green Chemistry The main ideas of green chemistry are summarized below.
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5 Worksheet 1.8: Going Green 1. Give two examples of renewable resources and two examples of non-renewable resources. 2. List three specific physical properties that each of the following products should have: (a) the canopy material for an umbrella (b) protective packing for electronics equipment (c) a bathroom cleaning product (d) a DVD case (e) a juice container 3. Compare and contrast the terms "biodegradable" and "compostable." 4. Choose three consumer products in your kitchen at home. List the various components of each product, including packaging. Where do the materials for each of your products come from and where each product will end up after its useful life. 5. Create a table and list six examples of petrochemical consumer products. For each product, identify the end stage of its life. 6. Research to find five different "upcycled" consumer products. 7. North Americans discard millions of rubber automobile tires each year. These tires can end up in tire dumps where they take years to decompose, or they can be reused for different purposes. Research new initiatives for the development of new "green" car tires that decompose quickly, and alternative uses for old tires. 8. List the four main principles of green chemistry outlined in the reading. 9. Consumers are "taxed" in several ways for using non-environmentally friendly products. For example, grocery stores in many municipalities now charge for plastic bags at the checkout. Garages add on a "disposal fee" for used motor oil or car tires. In your opinion, should harmful products be taxed so that they are more expensive than green products? Defend your position. 10. Bioplastic made with kenaf fibre has an unusual property known as shape memory. Applications of materials with shape memory include self-adjusting orthodontic braces and self-tightening surgical sutures. Research bioplastics with shape memory. Describe some applications in a visual presentation. 11. Research and examine the use of "eco-fees" on consumer services and products. Do you think they are a good idea? Give reasons for your decision. 12. Electrically conductive plastics are made from petrochemicals. These plastics have a much lower density than metal. The reduced mass of wiring in a car would lead to fuel savings. Research these plastics to find out what they are currently used for. List some of the pros and cons associated with their production and use.
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