Country Report Germany

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1 Country Report Germany IEA Task 14 Meeting Tokyo, October 30th Thomas Stetz

2 Agenda Current Situation in Germany A Brief Research Overview for Germany An Example for High Local PV Penetration German IEA Task 14 Case Study

3 PV Status Quo in Germany Total installed PV Capacity as of 31th of August = 30 GWp RES cover more than 20% of Germanys Electric Energy Consumption Growth of RES in Germany PV Facts Electricity from PV: Installed RES Capacity [GW] Natural Gas: Lignite: Hard Coal: Nuclear: 26 GW 21 GW 27 GW 13 GW 25 GW PV 29 GW Wind 7 GW Biomass & others 5 GW Hydro 2011: 19 TWh (about 3 % of overall consumtion) Feed-in Tariff: PV < 10 kwp: ct/kwh Electricity price: approx. 25 ct/kwh Growth goal 2020: Approx. 40 GWp Source: BMU (2012), Umweltbundesamt (2012)

4 FIT system gets discontinued once 52 GWp are installed nationwide (approx ) General Feed-In Tariff: P N < 10 kwp: 19.5 ct/kwh P N < 40 kwp: 18.5 ct/kwh P N < 1 MWp: 16.5 ct/kwh P N < 10 MWp: 13.5 ct/kwh P N > 10 MWp: no FIT Only 90% of total energy generation gets reimbursed (starting 2014) FIT Degression: P N,total < 3.5 GW Monthly degression = 1% P N,total < 4.5 GW additional 0.4% degression P N,total < 5.5 GW additional 0.8% degression P N,total < 6.5 GW additional 1.2% degression P N,total < 7.5 GW additional 1.5% degression P N,total > 7.5 GW additional 1.8% degression

5 PV Points of Interconnection Over 1,000,000 PV systems are already installed. Distribution System hosts more than 95% of the total PV Capacity! RES Capacity at certain Voltage Levels Amount of overall PV capacity in LV grid: ~ 69% PV plants with less than 100 kwp Amount of overall PV capacity in MV grid: ~ 26 % PV plants greater than 100 kwp Source: DGS (2012) DSOs are obliged to connect DGs by Law

6 A Brief Research Overview

7 Relevant Research Topics (1) Number of Published Papers Analysis of grid interferences without measures Active power control Reactive power control Storage Distribution power transformers with on load tap changer Installed PV power in Germany Installed PV Capacity in GWp

8 Relevant Research Topics (2)

9 Publications on PV-Storage Systems

10 Publications on Reactive Power Control by PV

11 Publications on Active Power Control by PV

12 High PV Penetration Case Study Detailed Information will be published at: Stetz, Kraiczy, Braun, Schmidt, Technical and Economical Assessment of Voltage Control Strategies in Distribution Grids, in Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications, Special Issue 27th EU PVSEC, Wiley, 2012

13 Smart Grid Seebach Germany s High PV Penetration Case Study Installed Generation Capacity: PV Biomass Water Power 32.8 MWp 0.73 MWp 0.55 MWp Point of Common Coupling: Source Grid: E.ON Bayern AG Source Statistic: EEG-Stammdaten [Online]

14 Rapid Change from Consumption to Supply Grid Winter Peak Load Active Power Flow over HV/MV Substation [MW] Reverse power flow Source: E.ON Bayern AG

15 Technical Challange Limiting Voltage Rises Maximum Voltage Rise (+2%) Source: M. Kraiczy, Fraunhofer IWES

16 Goal of Study and Methodology Identify technical effective and economical efficient voltage control strategies for PV inverter for a short-term increase of the hosting capacity of distribution grids Investigated Scenarios (local control strategies only): 1. Pure active power feed-in (base scenario) 2. Reactive power provision by PV inverters 3. Automated voltage limitation: Active/Reactive power control by PV inverters Methodology: 1. Calculation of Investment costs: Grid Reinforcements 2. Calculation of operational costs: Network Losses, Opportunity Costs

17 Scenario1: Pure Active Power Feed-In (Base Scenario) Necessary Grid Reinforcements: GES 1 = km (9.9 mi) Cable Reinforcements

18 Scenario2: Reactive Power Provision Scenario 2.1: Fixed Power Factor 0.95 Scenario 2.2: Q(U) Necessary Grid Reinforcements: GES 1 = km (9.9 mi) GES 2 = km (7.1 mi) Cable Reinforcements

19 Scenario3: Automated Voltage Limitation Scenario 3.1: Max. Voltage = 1.07p.u. Scenario 3.2: Max. Voltage = 1.06p.u. Necessary Grid Reinforcements: GES 1 = km (9.9 mi) GES 2 = km (7.1 mi) GES 3 = 1 km (0.62 mi) Cable Reinforcements

20 Calculation of Operational Costs Simulation of one year Resolution: 1 Minute Real MV Grid Data:187 MV/LV Substations Customer Specific Standard Load Profiles Reactive Power Consumption derived from measurement data Measured PV DC-Power (courtesy of Solarenergieförderverein Bayern e.v.) HV/MV OLTC Controller implemented Voltage control strategies implemented in inverter models

21 Results of Cost-Benefit Analysis

22 Limits of Reactive Power Provision Methods - Unintended Interferences with on-load tap changers Source: M. Kraiczy, Fraunhofer IWES

Variable Renewable Energy Sources in Distribution Networks Martin Braun Fraunhofer IWES & Universität Kassel

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