Resources and Environmental Management
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1 Incentives and case studies for MFA in Resources and Environmental Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management t i t P.H. Brunner 1/35
2 Content: MFA methodology and cases studies 1. Vision and Motivation 2. What is material flow analysis (MFA)? 3. Purpose of MFA (in particular for industry) 4. Examples and case studies of industrial applications 5. Conclusions P.H. Brunner 2/35
3 1. Vision and Motivation Sustainable development SD: - long term environmental protection - best resource use How to measure and achieve SD? MFA = key method in the tool box for SD! The two aspects: goods and substances - goods as economic units (quantity) - substances determining ecological and resource qualities P.H. Brunner 3/35
4 2. What is material flow analysis (MFA)? systems boundary B A Process s + s D C P.H. Brunner 4/35
5 MFA definitions Goods and substances Processes and stocks Flows and fluxes Transfer coefficients i System and system boundaries P.H. Brunner 5/35
6 MFA regional phosphorous flows and stocks flow = 230 t/a stock t/a export = 170 t/a phosphorous [t/a] atmosphere meat, milk, eggs 30 animal feedstock 45 animals 100 fertilicer agr. soil plant cultivation cereals vegetables, fruits 24 surface water river 13 surface water wwtp? landfill food 38? cleaners 17 private hh 17 sewer 21 industry industrial products >61 food >40 P.H. Brunner 6/35
7 Procedure to establish an MFA Problem definition System definition 1. Selection of processes just system Ad 4. Selection of substances Determination of flows and stocks Adjustment Determination of mass flows 2. Selection of goods 3. Determination of system boundaries 2. Refine mass flows Balancing of goods Determination of concentrations Balancing of substances 1. Refine e mass flow ws 1. Refine conce ntrations 2. Redete ermine good ds Rede efine proble em Interpretation and illustration ti P.H. Brunner 7/35
8 3. Purpose of MFA 1. Analysis of material flow systems 2. Base for evaluation 3. Base for design and optimization of products processes and systems P.H. Brunner 8/35
9 4. Examples and case studies of MFA 1. Strategic level 2. Regional level 3. Enterprise/company p level P.H. Brunner 9/35
10 MFA for strategic resources management: P and N [kg phosphorous/c.a] systems boundaries: national boundary/2000 food 4 agriculture 1 0,4 processing private household 3 0,6 0,4 agricultural losses and wastes food processing wastes sewage and MSW P.H. Brunner 10/35
11 Setting priorities for resource management by MFA respiration transpiration mass [kg/c.a] phosphorus [g/c.a] food human body 430 kitchen feces urine garbage sewage sewering system to STP to MSW treatment P.H. Brunner 11/35
12 Opportunities for industries 1. New technologies based on MFA: No-mix toilets to recycle nutrients 2. Reconsider sewer as a nutrient collection system: sewer -> wwtp -> sludge incineration -> ash extraction -> P-reuse P.H. Brunner 12/35
13 MFA for strategic resource management in the iron industry 0, primary production consumpt d ti waste 44 production 6 0,3 2,7 magmnt 0,8 pedo-/ lithosphere 140* 4 1,5 other disposal geogenic iron reserve anthropogenic iron stock P.H. Brunner 13/35
14 Energy from biomass solar energy electrons sun -> electron area used for total waste generated supply in phh from biomass biomass as a fuel 7800 m 2 /capita 85 kg/c.a biomass harvest transport pretreatment incineration Heatexchange turbine generator grid P.H. Brunner 14/35
15 Solar energy utilization solar energy electrons sun -> electron biomass as a fuel area used for total supply in phh 7800 m 2 /capita waste generated from fuel 85 kg/c.year photovoltaic cells 80 m 2 /capita 0 kg/c.year PV cell utilization P.H. Brunner 15/35
16 Monitoring waste composition by MFA FURNACE MSW BOILER ESP/BAGHOUSE WET SCRUBBER DENOX Offgas Iron scrap H 2 O Bottom ash WASTE WATER TREATMENT Waste water Filter residue Water Alkaline waste water Acidic waste water Sludge cake Quelle: SGP-VA P.H. Brunner 16/35
17 Regional MFA of lead for EM and RM atmos- phere import 340 stock ~ export 280 surface water 0.6 consumer goods household 7 used cars > forest soil agricult. soil urban soil regional boundary river 0.14 STP 0.9 sewer landfill ~ industry [t/y] surface water 2 filter dust >270 municipal solid waste 5.6 P.H. Brunner 17/35
18 Case study: MFA of regional lead flows and stocks? car manufacturer landfill landfill ~ car shredder 270 flue gas ~0 iron product ~3 iron smelter 270 filter dust P.H. Brunner 18/35
19 Why MFA for industry? In the long term, MFA will be successful only if it is applied in business and industry 1. Direct economic benefit 2. Comparative advantage in a competitive market 3. Leadership 4. Regulations 5. Improve knowledge base No incentive: MFA studies per se without economic or problem solving purpose P.H. Brunner 19/35
20 1. Economic benefits: MFA and greenhouse gas emission assessment CO 2 biomass fossil -> -> P.H. Brunner 20/35
21 Concept of MFA based balance method Material data of waste input Biogenic matter C, H, O, N, S, Cl Fossil matter C, H, O, N, S, Cl Balance equations m B + m F + m I + m w = 1 kg CO O2 foss / t waste plant Revision of c B m B + c F m F m I = a waste = c waste 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec HV B m B + HV F m F m W = HV waste O C 2,B m B + O C 2,F m F C = O 2 d O2-CO2 m B + d O2-CO2 m F waste = d O2-CO2,waste Operating data from WTE plant Waste input, flue gas volume, CO2, O2, steam production Ratio of energy from bioge enic sources [% %] 100% 90% Line 1 80% Line 2 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P.H. Brunner 21/35
22 Results (annual values) sources of CO 2 - emissions sources of energy CO 2 - Emi issions [kilo tons s/year] ,7 ± 3,1 47.1% 81,9 ± 3,9 52.9% fossil fuels (plastics) 52.7±2.0% auxiliary fuels (fuel oil, natural gas) 0,8% biomass (paper,..) 46.5±2.0% fossil biogenici P.H. Brunner 22/35
23 2. Comparative advantage in a competitive market (V.EFB) P.H. Brunner 23/35
24 3. Leadership: cooperation of the steel mill atmos- phere import 340 stock ~ export 280 surface water 0.6 consumer goods household 7 used cars > forest soil agricult. soil urban soil regional boundary river 0.14 STP 0.9 sewer landfill ~ industry [t/y] surface water 2 filter dust >270 municipal solid waste 5.6 P.H. Brunner 24/35
25 4. Regulations: MFA to cut costs from railway maintenance P.H. Brunner 25/35
26 The problem: high costs for landfilling spent gravel from RR Cu-c content [mg/kg] Quality criteria: landfill ordinance recycling geogenic Cu time [t] P.H. Brunner 26/35
27 The method: MFA of Cu in track ballast P.H. Brunner 27/35
28 Result: brake system and contact line as main anthropogenic sources 1.8 kg/y +1.9 kg/y P.H. Brunner 28/35
29 Solution: new material for brake pads, contact line (?), and low Cu gravel Cu-c content [mg/kg] Quality criteria: landfill ordinance recycling geogenic Cu time [t] P.H. Brunner 29/35
30 Solution: new material for brake pads, contact line (?), and low Cu gravel Cu-c content [mg/kg] Quality criteria: landfill ordinance recycling geogenic Cu time [t] P.H. Brunner 30/35
31 5. Improve knowledge base: case of lead recycling lead stocks in networks and buildings of Vienna pipes 0 water- and wastewater systems L: 10,000-20, old pipes in-house cables 0 in-house energy- and information grid n.d. L: n.b. old cables out-of-house cables out-of-house energy- and information grid old cables L: 90,000 other networks lead flows in Mg/a lead stocks in Mg n.b. not determined Soruce: Möslinger, J., 1998 nb n.b. other networks L: n.b. System Boundary Vienna old other networks n.b. P.H. Brunner 31/35
32 5. Improve knowledge base Issue: Struggle between private and public waste management: Who should collect wastes from industry, business and trade? Questions: Where are additional potentials for waste collection and treatment? What is the best solution: private or public? Procedure: re 1. Assessment of waste amounts, 2. MFA of various scenarios, and 3. evaluation of scenarios Solution: 1. Insufficient information to answer the question (->scenarios) 2. Separate collection and treatment has advantages, no matter if public or private 3. Amount in question relatively small (~ 20%) when compared to rest P.H. Brunner 32/35
33 5. Improve knowledge base: case of waste management Laner et al., 2009 P.H. Brunner 33/35
34 Conclusions Industry will apply MFA if: MFA is known to industry MFA is instrumental to solve relevant industrial problems MFA is economic (benefit > cost) MFA is mandated by law Strategy to promote MFA in industry: Identify key industries i and apply MFA for problem solving Make economically successful MFA results known to industry Educate engineers and practitioners in MFA methodology Standardize MFA as an instrument for RM, WM and EM Incorporate MFA into selected legislation (EIA, SEIA) Incorporate MFA in national planning (RM, WM, EM) -> framework for industrial activities P.H. Brunner 34/35
35 Thank you P.H. Brunner 35/35
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