ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL Metallurgical Engineering Department RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand ABSTRACT The rapid and unplanned setting up of industries had caused pollution of air, water and land contaminated with toxic materials and pollutants. The environmental pollution has been created by man s infinite needs, excessive and unnecessary human population, diverse human activities, increased living standards, deforestation and unplanned exploitation of natural resources. In addition to this, production of metals from their ores, services of aero- planes motor cars, burning of fuels, etc. are adding harmful pollutants to atmosphere. Moreover, industries discharge carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, lead oxides, oxides of Sulphur, hydrocarbons, metallic dust and particulates. These substances are enhancing pollution in the environment. Pollution is of all sorts and has affected everywhere. Even very conscience of man is polluted. Prevention and control of environmental pollution can be managed by environmental awareness programme, among people, students and factories workers to about adverse effects of environmental pollution; proper utilization of natural resources; protection of forest by all means and to promote new plantation; control of overpopulation and pollution; environmental educational and training programmes; search of new technologies to reduce environmental pollution. Keywords: Pollutants, overpopulation, resources, particulates, oxides, etc. [1] INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution is defined as addition of any foreign material or any physical change in natural air, water or land which may affect the living life (human, agricultural or biological) after sometime or after very long time. The three essential constituents of living organisms are air, water and soil. About hundred years ago, these constituents are almost pure or uncontaminated from pollutants. The desire for survival race, high standard living, threat of competition and lust for supremacy for others resulted in growing environmental pollution. More demands & consumption of various commodities, mining activities, nuclear activities, agricultural activities increased means of transport and rapid industrialisation have additional factors in growing environmental degradation. There must be ecological equilibrium between environment and living organisms [1]. For instance, the atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases by volume. 1

2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL Now if oxygen exceeds 30%, the earth would be engulfed by fire and if it reduces to 15%, then human beings would die of suffocation. So it is autotrophs which keep the environment in equilibrium so that humans, animals and plant kingdom all may exist. The law of conservation of energy governs both the energy and eco-system [1]. According to this law, neither energy nor matter can be created or destroyed. Resources drawn from nature in the form of materials and energy must inevitably return to nature. This takes place in the form of waste disposal. Environmental in turn has the capacity to convert these wastes back into useful inputs thereby maintaining the ecological balance. The tragedy is that this balancing capacity of environment is destroyed by diverse human activities in the process of consumption and production of various commodities in large scale all over the world. The objective of the present investigation is to create awareness among the people to understand environmental pollution and its control. [2] ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Developmental activities such as construction, industrialization and transportation not only reduce the natural resources but also generate huge amount of wastes that cause pollution/contamination of air, water, soil, and oceans and enhance global warming, acid rains, occurrence of cyclones in the coastal regions, gradually declining & untimely rainfall and shrinking of glacier. Garbage, industrial wastes and domestic sewage are major sources of river pollution and environmental degradation causing poor &ill health and loss of crop productivity. [3] SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION According to Saxe and Lichy human population is the main source of pollution as more people will create more sewage & solid wastes and will use various commodities such as more food, fuel, fertilizers, chemical and automobiles. (motor cycles, cars, trucks, buses, scooters etc.) Environmentalist consider that rapid & unplanned industrialization, exploitation of natural resources, deforestation, oil spillage, unplanned constructions of roads, houses, drains and human population are key factors for enhancing environmental degradation in the universe [1]. [4] CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT Pollutants are substances causing changes physically or chemically in air, water and soil [1]. They are classified as (1) toxic metal such as mercury, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel chromium, cadmium, lithium, iron etc., (2) radioactive sub stances such as cobalt-60, iodine-131, plutonium- 239, strontium-90, argon-41, cesium-137 etc., (3) sewage such as human wastes, (4) fertilizer such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, fertilizers, urea and pesticides, (5) Economic poisons such as pesticides, insecticides, herbicides etc., (6) organic substances such as detergent, chlorofluorocarbon, organo-fluorine compounds, organic complexes, benzocynides etc., (7) gases such as carbon dioxides, carbon monoxides, fluorine, nitrogen-dioxide, sulphur-dioxide, ammonia,

3 oxides of phosphorus, chlorine, bromine etc., (8) air matter or particulates such as smoke, dust etc., (9) electronic waves such as noise of vehicles, motorcars, radios etc., (10) micro-organism and bacteria which cause cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. and (11) population. [5] CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Environmental pollution is classified as follows [1]: 1. Air pollution, 2. Water pollution, 3. Soil pollution, 4. Noise pollution, 5. Radioactive pollution, 6. Pesticides pollution, 7. Marine pollution, 8. Population pollution, 9. Oil pollution, 10. Metal pollution, 11. Acid pollution, 12. Industrial pollution, 13. Drug pollution, 14. Detergent pollution, 15. Room conditioner pollution, 16. Odour pollution, 17. Silt pollution, 18. River pollution, 19. Esturarine pollution, 20. Ionic pollution, 21. Plastic pollution, 22.Thermal pollution 23. Chemical pollution, 24. Biologcal pollution, 25. Smoke pollution, 26. Particulate pollution 27. Sewage pollution, 28. Electronic pollution. The major pollutions such as air, water and soil pollutions are described here. [6] AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is caused by discharge of contaminants such as gas, smoke, dust, fume, odour or vapour in the atmosphere. Industries are biggest sources of air pollution. There are various industries such as, iron and steel plants, coke oven plants, fertilizer complex, cement industries, thermal power stations, sulphuric acid industries, nitric acid plants etc. These industries release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, pesticides, fluoride, phosphate, mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic which are destroying the plants animals, human beings, soils and waters. Sulphur dioxide discharged in to the atmosphere from thermal power stations, sulphuric acid industries, iron works and aeroplanes forms sulphurus and sulphuric acid by atmospheric reaction. These acids fall on the ground in the form of rain and pollute rivers and soil. In general, sulphuric acid destroys water, animals, plants and fertility of soil. The reaction between sulphur dioxide and moisture /oxygen of air is illustrated below [1]: SO 2+H 2O = H 2SO 3 H 2SO 3+O (air) = H2SO 4 2SO 2+O 2 = 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O = H 2SO 4 Nitrogen dioxide [1] discharged into the atmosphere from combustion of fuels and industries react with moisture/water and form various acids as follows: 2NO 2+H 2O = HNO 2+HNO 3 3HNO 2 = 2NO+HNO 3+H 2O Flour mills, rice mills, dal mills, and saw mills release dust which affect health problems especially respiratory and gastric troubles. Tons of garbage and huge amount of sewage create foul smell responsible for many diseases in towns and cities. Daily 1500 tons of pollutants mostly from 3

4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL automobile and industries pollute the atmosphere which contains three times more sulphur dioxide than the tolerance limit. [7] CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION Hydrocarbons can be controlled by absorption, condensation and combustion. Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide gas can be controlled by combustion into CO 2. Hydrocarbons CO+H2O Combustion CO+O CO2 Eco-development programmes should be arranged to promote new plants which absorb not only gases but also release pure oxygen beneficial for human beings. [8] WATER POLLUTION Combustion The presence of any foreign material which changes water physically or chemically is called water pollution. The main sources of water pollution such as increased pollution, industrial waste, domestic sewage disposal, garbage, radioactive waste have polluted river water. Water pollution is classified as (i) physical pollution, (ii) inorganic pollution, (iii) organic pollution, (iv) garbage pollution, (v) pesticide pollution, (vi) oil pollution and (vii) radioactive pollution [2]. (i) Physical Pollution: Any change in colour or odour of water is called physical pollution. Such odour is generated by the presence of grasses, humus, poly compounds, plastic containers and micro-organisms such as algae, protozoa etc. Sewage or industrial effluents cause objectionable odour in polluted water. (ii) Inorganic Pollution: In organic substances like sulphides, nitrides, sulphates, phosphates discharged from industries into river water making them unfit for drinking is called inorganic pollution. (iii) Organic Pollution: The pesticides, fungicides, bactericides etc. are organic compounds for killing small insects in agricultural field. These compounds change ph value drastically and change also dissolved oxygen. (iv) Garbage pollution: Various rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Damodar and Godavari are polluted by throwing tons of garbage, chemicals and intustrial wastes into the rivers. (v) Pesticides Pollution: Pesticides are chemical compounds used to increase agricultural products by destroying the pests. These pesticides pollute air, water and soil by transmission. These increase human diseases and impair human tissues, liver and kidney. (vi) Oil Pollution: Oil comes in contact of water when it is transported through the sea due to leakage in ports. Petrol and kerosene evaporate and pollute air while naphtha destroy plant and animal kingdom of the sea as it does not allow to enter sun light and oxygen into the lower portion of sea.

5 (vii) Radioactive Pollution: Testing of bombs, waste materials of labs. etc. is continuously posing threat to human life causing skin cancer. Contaminations of radio particles in water may cause thyroid changes, blood abnormalities, damage of lungs and kidney. [9] CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION The sewage water after treatment can be recycled to generate electricity, fertilizers and fuel or to discharge into rivers, ponds, lakes etc. The toxic substances can be removed by use of barks of babul. The micro-organisms in waste water can be destroyed by using solar energy and suitable catalyst. Mercury can be removed by ion-exchange resin method. Water requirement should be minimized by suitable techniques involved. The semi-permeable membrane is being used at pressure higher than that of osmotic pressure in view of removing various salts and toxic substances. Bio-reactors are used to remove toxic industrial wastes, acids, alkalies and heavy metals from polluted water. [10] SOIL POLLUTION Liquid waste such as polluted water and solid wastes mixed with organic matter, sewage, plastics, glass, cloths, garbage, etc. pollute the soil. In addition, fly ash, industrial waste, fertilizers, iron &steel slag, pesticides, land filling by municipal waste and acid rain also contribute to soil pollution. The main sources of soil pollution are metallic pollutants, urban wastes, agricultural wastes, pesticides, detergents, chemical pollutants, industrial wastes, radioactive pollutants, etc. [11] CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION The garbage and dung can be converted into compost manure to increase crop production. Use of plastic bags should be banned. Acids and alkalies coming from respective plants should be stopped. Sewage should be treated properly before using as fertilizer and as landfills. Hazardous materials from industrial wastes can be removed prior to disposal. [12] CONCLUSIONS The environmental pollution has been created by man s infinite needs, excessive and unnecessary human population, diverse human activities, increased living standards, deforestation and unplanned exploitation of natural resources. In addition, automobiles and industries discharge pollutants into the environment to a greater extent. Prevention and control of environmental pollution can be managed by environmental awareness programme, among people, students and factories workers to about adverse effects of environmental pollution, proper utilization of natural resources, protection of forest by all means and to promote new plantation, control of overpopulation and pollution. 5

6 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL Environmental educational and training programme should be managed by Government of India. Search of new technologies to reduce environmental pollution should be encouraged. REFERENCES (1) [1] V. P. Kudesia, Environmental Chemistry, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut , (2000), pp and (2) [2] V. P. Kudesia, Environmental Chemistry, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut , (2000), pp

7 Author[s] brief Introduction- I have graduated in the discipline of Metallurgical Engineering from B.I.T., Sindri and M.Tech. from I.I.T.Kharagpur. Presently I am working as Assistant Professor in R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Corresponding Address- R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, R.V.S. Campus, Edalbera, Bhilai Pahari, N.H.33, Jamshedpur , Jharkhand Name- B.N.Choudhary Pin Mobile

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