Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology. Reading Questions
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1 APES Name 22 Module 7 Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 17 Module 6 The Movement of Energy 18 Ecosystem Field Walk 19 Module 7 The 23 Module 8 Responses to Disturbances 24 Hubbard Brook experiment 25 Review chapter 3 Movement of Matter 26 Chapter 3 Test Reading Questions 1. Why is it difficult to determine what the boundaries to an ecosystem are? Contrast the examples of a cave versus a forest or desert. 2. How does most energy enter ecosystems? What types of energy conversion occur within ecosystems? 3. How are trophic levels related to flow of energy through an ecosystem? What form is this energy in? 4. What does the productivity of an ecosystem measure? a. What is the difference between Gross Primary Productivity and Net Primary Productivity? Which one do you think has more of an influence on an ecosystem? b. Approximately what percentage of incoming solar energy do plants capture during photosynthesis? What happens to the rest of it? 5. Why is only a small fraction of energy at each trophic level transferred up to the next trophic level? Where does the rest of the energy go? 6. Hydrologic Cycle Name of Step What process makes this happen? Why is this step important? Evaporation Solar heating of oceans, lakes, soils Water enters atmosphere to be redistributed
2 Explain how the hydrologic cycle works: 7. Carbon Cycle Name of Step w/ description of change What organism/process does it? Why is this step important? Photosynthesis (CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Autotrophs (plants) (producers) Converts abiotic CO 2 to biomass (base of food chain) Explain how the carbon cycle works: 8. Nitrogen Cycle Name of Step w/ chemical change What organism/process does it? Why is this step important? Nitrogen Fixation (N 2 NH 3 or NO 3 ) N-fixing bacteria (ie in legume roots) OR fires/lightning OR fertilizer manufacturing Puts N in to the base of the food chain; fertilizer manufacture Explain how the nitrogen cycle works:
3 10. Phosphorus Cycle Name of Step w/ description of change What process/organism does it? Why is this step important? Weathering of rock Phosphate PO 4 Weathering (by rain, wind, ice, organisms) Releases P from rocks in to reactive form usable by organisms Explain how the phosphorus cycle works: 11. How does the water cycle help facilitate the other cycles? 12. What human activities cause an impact on the hydrologic cycle? What are these impacts? 13. Explain the difference between the fast and slow parts of the carbon cycle. Fast: Slow: 14. Which natural (nonanthropogenic) processes normally return buried carbon to the atmosphere to balance out the carbon that is buried through sedimentation? 15. Which 2 macronutrients most frequently serve as the limiting nutrient for plant growth in an ecosystem? Is it different for terrestrial vs. aquatic ecosystems? 16. What are the results of a sudden influx of excess nitrogen or phosphorus in to an ecosystem? N P 17. How do heterotrophs (consumers) obtain their supplies of macronutrients?
4 18. When investigating environmental systems, why do scientists often select watersheds as an area in which to study ecosystems and nutrient/energy cycling? 19. What characteristics do you think give ecosystems high resistance and high resiliency against change? 20. Describe each of the major types of ecosystem services, and how their value can be measured: Ecosystem Producers (Autotrophs) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Consumers (Heterotrophs) Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Trophic Levels Food Chain Food Web Scavengers Detritovores Decomposers Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Biomass Standing Crop Chapter 3 Vocabulary List
5 Ecological Efficiency Trophic Pyramid Biosphere Biogeochemical Cycles Hydrologic Cycle Transpiration Evapotranspiration Runoff Macronutrients Limiting Nutrient Nitrogen Fixation Leaching Disturbance Watershed Resistance Resilience Restoration Ecology Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Instrumental Value Intrinsic Value Provisions
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