Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Research Pathways, Progress and Potential

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1 Stanford University Global Climate & Energy Project GCEP Annual Symposium Stanford University October 1, 2007 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Research Pathways, Progress and Potential Professor Sally M. Benson Executive Director, Global Climate and Energy Project Stanford University Science and technology for a low GHG emission world.

2 Topics CCS Basics World-wide status report R&D needs and progress GCEP R&D Portfolio Future directions

3 CO 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels 60% of global fossil fuel emissions come from large stationary sources Iron and Steel, 646 Other, 462 Refineries, 798 Cement, 932 Power, CO 2 Emissions (Mt/year) Coal, 40.50% Other, 0.30% Gas, 19.70% Oil, 39.50% Global Emissions 27,136 Mt (2005) 40.5% of global emissions come from coal this is not expected to change any time soon.

4 Capture and Geologic Storage Process Capture Compression Pipeline Transport Underground Injection

5 CCS Could Make a Large Contribution to Reducing CO 2 Emissions 650 CO 2 -eq 550 CO 2 -eq 450 CO 2 -eq Emissions (GtC-eq) Sinks Non-CO Emissions (GtC-eq) Other Fuel switch CCS Biofuels Emissions (GtC-eq) Nuclear, renewable Efficiency Expected contributions to GHG emissions with carbon prices in the range of $20 to $100/tCO 2 -eq. From IPCC, 2007:WG III

6 World-Wide Status Report Three industrial-scale projects continuing successfully Sleipner, Off-shore Norway Weyburn, Canada In Salah, Algeria 21 years of collective operating experience Snohvit CCS project expected to begin soon Many announced planning studies for industrial-scale projects Credit: Eiliv Leren Snohvit: Next Commercial CCS Operation Expected On-line Fall combating global warming after pledging to undertake the first large scale carbon dioxide geosequestration project in Australia... will be larger than any other geosequestration scheme currently contemplated or in production... The energy giant cleared the final stage of the approvals process for the mammoth liquefied natural gas (LNG) Gorgon project. The Age,September 7, 2007

7 World-Wide Status Report High project costs and lack of government support cited as reasons to stop deployment of industrial scale projects Peterhead, U.K. Mid-Norway Project Sask Power, Canada SaskPower announced it would not proceed with the 300-megawatt, "nearzero" emissions, clean-coal plant near Estevan, citing load growth, tight timelines and the skyrocketing cost of the project. The project's capital cost, which was initially estimated at about $1.5 billion, had ballooned to $3.8 billion due to rising labour and materials costs and the economic risks associated with new technology. The Leader-Post, Sept. 12, Halten CO 2 value chain: Technically feasible, but not commercially viable The evaluation shows that though the value chain is technically feasible, it is not commercially viable. Use of CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery on Draugen is not commercially defendable and thus will not make a positive contribution to the value chain. The extra oil volumes that the Draugen licence operator believes to be recoverable are too low to justify the necessary investments in the field. Statoil: June 29, 2007.

8 World-Wide Status Report Increasing government investment in CCS R&D Cost, regulatory framework and institutional issues at the forefront Growing press coverage and public awareness Otway Basin Pilot Project: Australia Start: Fall 2007 U.S. DOE Regional Sequestration Partnership Program: Pilot Tests

9 CO2 Pre-Combustion Capture Projects (Updated April 2007) Centrica/PEL PowerFuel EPCOR/CCPC E.On Dakota SNG Plant NRG Indiana SNG Plant BP DF2 FutureGen Draugen Nuon Magnum RWE GE IGCC Demo Siemen IGCC Demo EC HYPOGEN (TBD) GreenGen DF3 ZeroGen NG Pre-Combustion Capture (Reformer) Project Coal Pre-Combustion Capture (IGCC) Project Coal Pre-Combustion Capture (IGCC) Project with Poly-Gen option Poly-generation Pre-Combustion Capture Project Poly-generation Pre-Combustion Capture Project (In Operation) Source: IEA Greenhouse Gas Technology Programme

10 CO 2 Injection and Storage Activities 50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America 4 New CO 2 -EOR Pilots in Canada Snohvit Alberta ECBM Teapot Dome Rangely Burlington Zama Penn West Weyburn Mountaineer West Pearl Queen Frio Sleipner K-12B CO 2 SINK In Salah RECOPOL Sibilla Qinshui Basin Nagaoka Hokkaido 70 CO 2 -EOR projects in U.S.A. Gorgon Key Depleted Oil Field Cerro Fortunoso Otway Basin ECBM projects EOR projects Gas production Fields Saline aquifier Source: IEA Greenhouse Gas Technology Programme

11 Research and Development Pathways:CO 2 Capture Goals Lower capital costs Lower operating costs Lower energy requirements Performance reliability R&D Pathways Membranes for H 2, CO 2 and O 2 separations New sorbents and solvents Multi-pollutant emission control systems System integration for increased efficiency Advanced combustion with integrated CO 2 removal

12 GCEP Carbon Dioxide Capture Projects CO 2 Capture Advanced Membrane Reactors in Energy Systems: A Carbon-Free Conversion of Fossil Fuels, Jansen, Haije, Dijkstra, van den Brink, Pex, Schoonman, Peters (ECN-TU-Delft) Development of Innovative Gas Separation Membranes Through Sub-Nanoscale Materials Control, Yamada, Kazama, Yogo (RITE) Advanced Coal Utilization Coal Energy Conversion with Aquifer-Based Carbon Sequestration: An Approach to Electric Power Generation with Zero Matter Release to the Atmosphere, Mitchell (Stanford) - Al 2 O 3 - Al 2 O 3 From: Stoitas, Tran and Schoonman, 2007 CO nm N 2, H 2 etc. 0.36, 0.29 nm CO 2 molecular gates

13 Research and Development Pathways:CO 2 Storage Goals Increase confidence in storage security Characterize and select storage sites Assess and minimize HSE risk Optimize storage performance Monitor CO 2 containment R&D Pathways Influence of heterogeneity at all scales on plume migration Geochemical reactions and kinetics in multi-phase flow systems Dynamic imaging of complex multiphase flows Geomechanical and hydrological effects of large anthropogenic perturbations Flow and transport properties of seals, faults and fractures

14 GCEP Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects CO 2 Storage A Numerical Simulation Framework for CO 2 Sequestration in Subsurface Formations, Tchelepi, Durlofsky, Aziz (Stanford) Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Coal, Harris, Kovscek, Orr, Zoback (Stanford) Experimental Investigations of Multiphase Flow of CO 2 and Brine, Benson (Stanford) 20% CO2 50% CO2 80% CO2 90% CO2 100% CO2

15 Unresolved institutional issues create investment risk for CCS Cost recovery for CO 2 capture Regulatory framework for CO 2 storage Long term financial responsibility Monitoring Remediation Pore-space ownership Future Directions

16 Risk Profile for CO 2 Storage Environmental Risk Profile Pressure recovery Secondary trapping mechanisms Confidence in predictive models Injection begins Injection stops 2 x injection period 3 x injection period n x injection period Monitor Model Calibrate & Validate Models Calibrate & Validate Models

17 Managing Financial Responsibility Environmental Risk Profile Injection begins Private Sector Instruments Injection stops Pressure recovery Secondary trapping mechanisms Confidence in predictive models 2 x injection period Public Sector Instruments - Bonds - Trust fund 3 x injection period n x injection period Monitor Model Calibrate & Validate Models Calibrate & Validate Models

18 Conclusions Progress on CCS proceeding on all fronts Industrial-scale projects Demonstration plants R&D Principle drivers for R&D Capture: cost reduction Storage: confidence in storage security GCEP research is contributing on both fronts Bridging the gap between fundamental discoveries and real-world issues is crucial Come to the session on Wednesday morning