Pacific Fertiliser Pty Ltd PFGR2015

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1 Pacific Fertiliser Pty Ltd ABN: PH: FAX: (02) PO BOX 3454 TAMARAMA NSW Web: Gypsum for many reasons can be considered a farmer's best friend. Gypsum (or CaSO4.2H20), is an excellent source of both Calcium and Sulphur, which are essential for both yield and grain quality. However gypsum benefits go much further. As a soil amendment it helps improve the physical properties of soil, such as water retention, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure providing a better environment for the plant roots. The calcium can also displace harmful sodium in the soil, essential to the sustainability of most irrigated soils. Pacific Fertiliser recently undertook detailed research into the bulk agricultural gypsum products available on the eastern seaboard of Australia. This research continues on from earlier work undertaken by the NSW Department of Primary Industries work in 1996 which was documented in the AgFact AC.10 (Agdex 514) paper. The gypsum samples were obtained from various Eastern Seaboard gypsum mines either direct or from product landed on farm. Pacific Fertiliser and REGYP gypsum products were also tested during the research and these were taken from finished product stockpiles. The main items we tested for were gypsum purity, sizing and solubility. The results enable us to benchmark our products against others, but also to help customers in their evaluation of which gypsum to use when they are looking to purchase gypsum for their farm or project. When testing for gypsum solubility, we employed the method used in the AgFact AC.10 paper. This test method is more indicative of what happens in the paddock rather than the normal method to test solubility, where by gypsum samples are finely ground up before being analysed.

2 Test Laboratory: Pacific Fertiliser commissioned Cement Australia to do the gypsum analysis work for our research. Cement Australia s laboratory in Darra QLD is NATA approved and very proficient and experienced in testing gypsum and other minerals. Test Methods: Gypsum Purity:- Sulphur Content: - Total Calcium:- Total Oxides:- Moisture Content:- Particle Size:- Gypsum Solubility:- Calculated from Sulphur (S) content X-ray fluorescence (XRF) XRF XRF AS , modified for gypsum by limiting heat to 40ºC for 24 hrs. Analysis Dry sieve As per the method used in the NSW AGFACTS AC.10. Solubility is expressed as electrical conductivity (EC) of a solution obtained by adding the equivalent of 10g of pure gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) to 1 litre of demineralised water. This solution is gently shaken (20 times end over end) and placed in a centrifuge for 10 minutes. The unit of electrical conductivity is ds/m or decisiemens per meter. Adjustment for solubility:- Pacific Fertiliser has added a column to the analysis results in Table 1, to allow for the effect on electrical conductivity in gypsum samples with a higher salt content. The measured electrical conductivity (EC) of a solution is influenced by the concentration and composition of dissolved salts. In the 1996 results Bourke solubility was 0.4 ds/m and Balranald was 1.0 ds/m. Page 2 of 25

3 Results: The recent research that Pacific Fertiliser undertook between March - May 2015 on the major sources of gypsum available for agricultural applications would be the most thorough research completed in Australia. Gypsum like most bulk commodities is affected by geographical location and freight costs, so while a gypsum product may have better purity and quality than the others tested, there is no defined winner as the result may change with the end user s location. When comparing gypsum products, the three main factors are; gypsum purity, solubility and landed price ($/T). The higher the gypsum purity and solubility the better the product and result. However these two factors are heavily influenced by the landed price. Example the gypsum product #1 might have a purity of 80% (meaning you re carting and spreading up to 20% dirt) with a cost of $80/t landed, whereas product #2 is 90% purity and $85/t landed. So even though on paper #1 is $5/t cheaper, when calculating the actual landed cost per landed unit of gypsum, product #2 is actually 5.5% cheaper due to its higher purity. Solubility also has an effect on the results of each application of gypsum onto your soil. For example you don t want 20mm crystals of natural gypsum sitting in your paddock for 20 years. However in lighter country you also don t want the first big rain to leach the gypsum away before it can really act on improving your soil. With our results there are notable differences in gypsum solubility between the different sources, even with similar particle sizing. Particle size is the biggest influence on solubility, but because gypsum solubility is measurement by electrical conductivity (EC) the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the product will greatly influence the results as they are always extremely soluble. The test results show that the river bed gypsum (like Balranald) have good solubility, but they also have lower purity and higher salt contents than most of the lake bed gypsum. Note some of the larger commercial gypsum mines stockpile their mined gypsum into windrows, so that the sodium (salts) are leached from the gypsum before sale through rain fall or irrigation. With an emphasis on solubility it should be remembered that as long as the gypsum isn t greater than 10mm in size and/or less than 0.5 ds/m in solubility, the product is still gypsum. So although the release of some of the bigger particles may take longer than one season to go into solution, they will still be releasing the sulphur and calcium into the soil solution. So unlike the calculation of the actual landed cost of gypsum, it is much harder to quantify solubility for comparison. For example if you have a gypsum product #3 with a purity of 95% and a solubility of 1 ds/m, compared to product #4 with a purity of 80% and a solubility of 1.4 ds/m, generally you would be better off with product #3. The reason being you are only paying, carting and spreading 5% of impurities. Whereas product #4 has 20% of impurities. Page 3 of 25

4 The Importance of Solubility with Soil Conditioners:- Solubility in soil conditioners, such as gypsum, lime and dolomite is of utmost importance. The key to solubility is mainly in particle size. The finer the product, whether it be in gypsum, lime, dolomite or any other natural occurring mineral the quicker the result. Natural raw gypsum, aglime and dolomite should be applied at least six months before cropping to achieve worthwhile results. Recycled gypsum, superfine lime and dolomite however are a different story. Recycled gypsum from plasterboard has been refined to very small particles in the production of the plasterboard, making it far more soluble than raw gypsum, in other words, you can apply it just before cropping and get a good result. In the case of Superfine lime and dolomite against aglime, you will achieve a much quicker response. The smaller particles are the secret to quicker results and of course higher yielding crops. So with a larger particles, why are the REGYP recycled gypsum products so soluble? The reason is because gypsum solubility is based on particle size and purity, a larger surface area and higher purity will increase solubility of the gypsum. To get a higher surface area you need a smaller particle size. Recycled gypsum granules do not behave like larger very insoluble natural gypsum crystals. The reason is very pure mined gypsum that is used in plasterboard manufacture is milled down to roughly 100% passing 75um (like talcum powder) and then when you recycle the plasterboard waste you have larger granules that consist of thousands of these 75um particles stuck together. Once the gypsum granules become wet in the paddock they immediately start going into solution for soil and plant uptake. Comparing Gypsum Solubility:- When comparing the solubility of gypsum it is important to carry out a test method that will reflect what will happen in the field/soil. This test method also needs to repeatable for accuracy. For this report we baes our method on a test method used to compare gypsum samples in 1996, by the NSW Department of Agriculture. This method was and its results were documented in the NSW AG Fats document AC.10. Solubility is expressed as electrical conductivity (EC) of a solution obtained by adding the equivalent of 10g of pure gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) to 1 litre of demineralised water. This solution is gently shaken (20 times end over end) and placed in a centrifuge for 10 minutes. The unit of electrical conductivity is ds/m or decisiemens per meter. Particle size is the biggest influence on electrical conductivity results, but the concentrations of sodium and potassium, which are always extremely soluble, will play a part in the gypsum solubility results as well. Hence the discrepancy between Mine2g and Kerang and this is why we added another variant to the solubility results allowing for the slat content of each gypsum sample. Page 4 of 25

5 If you adjusted the solubility against purity, then #3 is actually 0.95 ds/m and #4 is 1.12 ds/m. So the solubility gap is actually smaller with product #3 really being 17% lower than product #4. However you are still applying a gypsum product with 15% higher purity and will benefit from the gypsum application for a period longer that product #4. Gypsum is commonly used to treat sodic soils. A saline soil becomes sodic through the leaching of salt (eg sodium chloride), usually over many thousands of years. As salt is washed down through the soil it leaves some sodium behind bound to clay particles displacing more useful elements such as calcium. The calcium (Ca) in the gypsum substitutes for the sodium (Na), allowing for the sodium to leach away. Gypsum contains calcium sulfate, which is a salt, but unlike sodium chloride (the main component of salt in saline watertables) it is not toxic to plants. Gypsum will help to reduce swelling and dispersion of the soil. Gypsum applications will slightly increase salinity without any detrimental effect on plants. However gypsum products with higher salt contents can start to have an effect on plants leading to lower yields, reducing the benefits of applying gypsum. Page 5 of 25

6 Table 1:- Tables the results of Pacific Fertiliser s research on the Australian Eastern Seaboard gypsum in The actual results are contained in the following pages. GYPSUM PRODUCT Purity Mean Size Top Size Sulphur Calcium Solubility Salt Content Balranald Gypsum NSW Bourke Warrego Gypsum NSW Cobar Emdale Gypsum NSW Kerang Lipps Gypsum VIC Morello Mildura Gypsum VIC Meningie Gypsum SA Cooke Plains Gypsum SA Winton Gypsum QLD Dirranbandi/Culgoa Gypsum QLD REGYP SuperAg Gypsum (NSW recycled) REGYP Super6 Gypsum (recycled) REGYP SuperAg Gypsum (QLD recycled) REGYP Super2 Gypsum (recycled) Pacific MINE2gw Gypsum Brisbane Pacific MINE2g Gypsum Brisbane Pacific MINE3 Gypsum Brisbane Pacific MINE6 Gypsum Brisbane Pacific Mine6 Gypsum Sydney Pacific Mined Gyp Melbourne Pacific Mined Gypsum Brisbane Pacific Mined Gypsum Sydney REGYP Solution Grade Gyp G100S Thailand PB Spec Gypsum Solubility Adj for Salt % mm mm % S % Ca ds/m % Na20 ds/m Page 6 of 25

7 Figure 1:- Map of Australia showing the gypsum mines or gypsum sources tested T W E Bo D RQ PQ Me C Mi Ba K RN PN, Abb Mine/Source Abb Mine/Source Abb Mine/Source W Winton/Miriwin E Emmdale/Cobar K Kerang RQ REGYP QLD Ba Balrandald Me Menningie PQ Pacific Fert QLD RN REGYP NSW C Cookes Plains D Dirranbandi PN Pacific Fert NSW T Thailand Bo Bourke/Warrego Mi Mildura/Morello Page 7 of 25

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