Opportunities for Biomass Use in Existing Infrastructure Cofiring and Beyond

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1 October 9, 2013 Biological Solutions Forum Meeting Our GHG Goals Opportunities for Biomass Use in Cofiring and Beyond Jamie Stephen, PhD Managing Director, TorchLight Bioresources Fellow, Queen s Institute for Energy and Environmental Policy Warren Mabee, PhD Canada Research Chair Renewable Energy Development and Implementation Executive Director, Queen s Institute for Energy and Environmental Policy Heather MacLean, PhD Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Toronto Queen s Institute for Energy & Environmental Policy 1

2 AI Bio Solutions Report & Alberta Emissions Ammonia and and Lime Non-integrated gas and Paper Other (nitrogen, oxygen) waste, coke, lumber, LAO 2

3 Alberta Innovates Bio Solutions Report Potential GHG reductions from biomass switching Focus on non-energy industrial emitters >50,000 t CO 2 e Quantify potential reductions No economic analysis; general feasibility Three types of switching Input Energy Product 14 product categories Describe product Identify production facilities Determine switching opportunities Quantify potential reductions 3

4 Non-Energy Industrial Emitters in AB, 2009 Total: Approximately 13.5 Mt 4

5 Product Simplest alkene, largest volume industrial chemical Produced from NG co-products (NG liquids), naphtha Basic building block for many plastics; HDPE, LDPE Facilities AB a hub of production Joffre, Prentiss, Fort SK 13 ethylene & ethylene derivative facilities in AB Polyethylene, ethylene gycol, ethylene dicholoride 9 Mt capacity (incl. derivatives) 5

6 Switching Product ethanol dehydration, methanol-to-olefins olysis of cellulose to ethylene glycol GHG Reductions Not GHG attractive to use corn ethanol; AB wheat ok MTO route more attractive, especially from waste or harvest residues 6

7 Ammonia & Product NH 3 used to produce urea and ammonium nitrate NG used to produce H 2 ; Haber-Bosch: N 2 + H 2 Facilities 7 facilities in AB Agrium, Canadian s 2 Mt ammonia; 2.6 Mt urea 0.5 Mt ammonium nitrate (Orica, explosives) 7

8 Ammonia & Switching Input alternative source of H 2 Gasification (CO & H 2 ) and anaerobic digestion (CH 4 ) Product organic fertilizers (slow release) GHG Reductions 30% of AB non-energy industrial emissions 80-90% reduction for syngas-sourced H 2 Organic fertilizer benefit site specific 8

9 & Lime Product is most widely used construction material Hydraulic retains structural integrity when wet (SiO 2 ) Non-hydraulic lime (CaO) needs dry conditions Facilities 2 Portland cement facilities; 1 lime facility 3.2 Mt cement; 240,000 t lime Lafarge (Exshaw), Lehigh (Edmonton); Graymount 9

10 & Lime Switching Fuel biomass for coal, NG, coke Product use wood instead of cement Multistory buildings; Cross-laminated timber GHG Reductions Up to 90% reduction in non-process emissions (55%) Product 95%+ reduction when using wood 10

11 (H 2 ) Product Produced from natural gas (CH 4 + 2H 2 O -> CO H 2 ) Steam reforming Primary uses: petrochemicals & fertilizer Facilities Air Products operates 2 plants in Edmonton H 2 used for upgrading & refining Other steam reforming facilities in AB (not included, as integrated with upgraders/refineries) 11

12 (H 2 ) Switching Product gasification of biomass (CO & H 2 ) Input bio-based methane Anaerobic digestion or methanation of syngas GHG Reductions 10% (AD of corn) to 90% (gasification) reduction 12

13 and Paper Product Kraft pulp sulphate process; high quality paper Power boilers & Recovery (black liquor) boilers Bleached chemi-thermo mechanical pulp (BCTMP) Mechanical pulp typically used for newspaper, etc. Facilities 4 Kraft mills; 1 BCTMP mill BCTMP: high e- consumption; consumes NG for heat Kraft has high heat demand (black liquor) Residues (e.g., hog fuel) & NG used for CHP 13

14 and Paper Switching Energy need high energy gas/fuel to replace NG Supplementary to assist with wood waste use BCTMP could switch to residues GHG Reductions 80%+ reduction from NG when using wood residues 14

15 N 2, O 2, etc. Product Separated and purified using cryogenic air separation N 2 : relatively inert gas; used in ultra-cold applications O 2 : reactive gas, used as pure replacement for air Facilities One Air Liquide plant in Scotford Refining Complex Electricity required for cooling & compression 80 MWe NG co-generation facility = emissions 15

16 N 2, O 2, etc. Switching Electricity out of scope of project AD or methanation of syngas fuel for co-firing GHG Reductions 50-80% reduction in GHG emissions for biomethane Other sources of electricity biopower 16

17 Product Octane enhancer to reduce knocking in engines Considered additive, not fuel, for sake of report N-butane->Isobutane->isobutylene->isooctane Facilities 1 facility Alberta Envirofuels (JV Neste/Chevron) 560,000 t isooctane per year Feedstock is butane from NG production 17

18 Switching Product other octane enhancers, namely ethanol Product ETBE produced from ethanol & isobutylene Could be considered Input switching GHG Reductions ~45% reduction for Alberta wheat ethanol 18

19 Seven additional products/industries 7.5% of non-energy industrial emissions Waste/landfills Calcined coke Lumber & MDF Linear alpha olefins Magnesium oxide Steel Sugar (beet processing) Opportunities dominated by fuel switching Subsitute NG used in lumber drying, MDF production, sugar beet processing Biomass co-firing in MgO kilns Product switching biochar use in steel, Biochar (carbon) use in steel production Blending with calcined coke for anodes 19

20 Total AB GHG emissions in 2009 = 113 Mt Industries here represent 12% of total Many opportunities for switching involve replacing NG Likely to be economically challenging Six best options for reducing GHGs: Intensive wood use in construction (e.g., CLT) Biomethane for NG substitution Co-firing in cement and MgO kilns Biomass gasification for methanol production (MTO) Biomass gasification for H 2 production (, etc.) Wheat-based ethanol production (octane, ethylene) 20

21 October 9, 2013 Biological Solutions Forum Meeting Our GHG Goals Thank you! Opportunities for Biomass Use in Cofiring and Beyond Jamie Stephen, PhD Warren Mabee, PhD Heather MacLean, PhD Queen s Institute for Energy & Environmental Policy 21