Water Account, Mauritius 2013
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1 Republic of Mauritius Water Account, Mauritius 2013 Statistics Mauritius, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development June 15
2 Contents Foreword... III List of Symbols and Abbreviations... IV 1. Introduction Water resources Physical Water Supply and Use (Figure 1 & Figure 2, Table 3 & Table 4) Utilisation of water Water consumption Water return to the economy Water Asset Accounts... 9 Concepts and Methodologies Annex A Table A1: Selected water indicators, Table A2: Water Supply by sectors, Island of Mauritius, Table A3: Water abstraction, Island of Mauritius, List of Tables Table 1: Water Availability... 1 Table 2: Fresh water abstraction... 2 Table 3: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius Table 4: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius Table 5: Water Asset Account, Mauritius 2011 (millions cubic metres)... 9 Table 6: Water Asset Account, Mauritius 2013 (millions cubic metres) List of Figures Figure 1 : Water flows in the environment and economy in Mm Figure 2 : Water flows in the environment and economy in Mm II
3 Foreword This report presents Water Accounts for years 2011 and 2013 based on the UN System of Environment Economic Accounts (SEEA). Other indicators on water covering the period 2000 to 2013 are also presented. All data, unless otherwise stated, refer to the Island of Mauritius. The report has been prepared with the collaboration of the Water Resources Unit of the Ministry of Public Utilities, the Central Water Authority and several other organisations. The cooperation and assistance of all these organisations are gratefully acknowledged. Our special thanks go to Mr Ricardo Martinez-Lagunes, Inter-Regional Advisor on System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) at the UN Statistical Division for the guidance and training provided. The report, together with other publications released by Statistics Mauritius, is available on the website Statistics Mauritius Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Port Louis REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS June 15 L. F. Cheung Kai Suet (Ms) Director of Statistics III
4 List of Symbols and Abbreviations - Nil or negligible CPC CWA m 3 hm 3 inhab IRWS ISIC km KWh L mm Mm 3 Not available or not applicable Central Product Classification Central Water Authority Cubic metres Hectometre cube (million cubic metres) Inhabitants International Recommendation for Water Statistics International Standard Industrial Classification Kilometre Kilowatt hour Litre Millimetres Million cubic metres % Percent km 2 SEEA TRWR UFW UN WRU Square kilometres System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Total Renewable Water Resources Unaccounted For Water United Nations Water Resources Unit IV
5 1. Introduction This report on Water Accounts shows the stock and flow of water in physical terms for the Island of Mauritius. The accounts include rainfall, water abstractions (i.e. withdrawals from reservoirs, rivers and boreholes), water uses, and wastewater, among others. The Water Accounts are based on the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting of Water (SEEA-Water), the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Central Framework of 2012 (SEEA-CF) and the International Recommendation for Water Statistics (IRWS). 2. Water resources In 2013, a total amount of 3,821 Mm 3 of water was received from 2,049 mm of rainfall or precipitation compared to 3,627 Mm 3 of water received in 2011 from 1,945 mm of rainfall. Rainfall in 2013 was 5% higher than in 2011, and 2% in excess of the long term mean of 2,011 mm for the period Out of the water received from precipitation in 2013, 10% (382 Mm 3 ) recharged the groundwater resources (nappe souterraine), 60% (2,293 Mm 3 ) was surface run off, and the remaining 30% (1,146 Mm 3 ) were evapotranspiration from plants, water bodies and land surfaces. Total renewable water resources (TRWR) or water availability was 2,675 Mm 3, an increase of 5% compared to 2,539 Mm 3 in TRWR per capita worked out to 2,198 m 3, above the threshold of 1,700 m 3 for water stress countries. On average, some 25% of the total water available is abstracted every year from the environment for use within the economy and for households. Table 1.1 below shows water availability for the years 2011 and Table 1: Water Availability Water flows Precipitation (rainfall in height), mm 1,945 2,049 Precipitation (rainfall in volume), Mm 3 3,627 3,821 Surface run off, Mm 3 2,176 2,293 Evapotranspiration, Mm 3 1,088 1,146 Net Recharge to Groundwater, Mm Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR), Mm 3 2,539 2,675 Total Water abstractions, Mm Total Water abstracted as proportion of TRWR (%)
6 3. Physical Water Supply and Use (Figure 1 & Figure 2, Table 3 & Table 4) The physical supply and use tables for water describe the flows of water from the environment to the economy, within the economy, and from the economy to the environment. The balance between the water flows for the whole economy can be written as follows: Total abstraction + use of water received from other economic units = Supply of water to other economic units + total returns + water consumption Or Total abstraction = total returns + water consumption Water consumption gives an indication of the amount of water that is lost by the economy during use, in the sense that the water has entered the economy but has not returned to either water resources or the sea. This happens during use because part of the water is incorporated into products, evaporated, transpired by plants or simply consumed by households or livestocks. In 2013, 888 Mm 3 of water were extracted from the environment compared to 752 Mm 3 in Of these, 24.8% (220 Mm 3 ) was extracted by the water provider (Central Water Authority CWA), 31.5% (280 Mm 3 ) by the electricity industry, 42.2% (375 Mm 3 ) by the agricultural industries, and the remaining 1.5% (13 Mm 3 ) by the manufacturing and services industries. Table 2 below shows breakdown of water abstracted for the years 2011 and Table 2: Fresh water abstraction Sources of abstraction Mm 3 % Mm 3 % Water Supply Industry (CWA) Agriculture and Livestock Manufacturing and Services Hydropower Total Of the Mm 3 of water extracted in 2013 by the CWA, around 51% was from surface water and the remaining 49% of groundwater sources. After treatment, 73.4 Mm 3 were distributed to households, 21.2 Mm 3 to the manufacturing and services industries, and 1.3 Mm 3 to the agriculture industries. Some Mm 3 was lost in distribution because of leakages (Unaccounted for Water - UFW). Water return to the environment amounted to Mm 3 of which Mm 3 by hydropower generation while water incorporated in products/ evaporation/ transpiration amounted to Mm 3. 2
7 Figure 1 : Water flows in the environment and economy in Mm Water flows in the environment and the economy E hydroelectricity H Surface water resources E E Agriculture & livestock H F E Water utility (CWA)- potable E Households I F F H.1 28 Sewerage and WW treatment F F E E H.2 37 H.2 20 Manufacturing and services Sea Ocean Aquifer Figure 2 : Water flows in the environment and economy in Mm Water flows in the environment and the economy E hydroelectricity H Surface water resources E E Agriculture & livestock H F E Water utility (CWA)- potable E Households I F F H.1 28 Sewerage and WW treatment F F E E H.2 37 H.2 20 Manufacturing and services Ocean Aquifer 3
8 3.1 Utilisation of water Total water utilised in 2013 was 1,020.9 Mm 3, 15% more than the Mm 3 utilised in The agriculture industry is the largest user of water, with Mm 3 of water utilized in 2013 mostly for irrigation purposes, representing an increase of 5% compared to Mm 3 in Utilisation of water by the agriculture industry represented around 37% of the total water utilisation in the country in It was followed by the electricity industry (280.0 Mm 3 or 27% of total water utilisation), CWA (220.0 Mm 3 or 22%), households (73.4 Mm 3 or 7%) and manufacturing and services industries (34.2 Mm 3 or 3%). The corresponding figures for 2011 were: Electricity industry: Mm 3 or 20%, CWA: Mm 3 or 23%, Households: 73.7 Mm 3 or 8%, and Manufacturing and services industries:31.4 Mm 3 or 4%. 3.2 Water consumption Water consumption refers to the water incorporated into products, evaporated, transpired by plants or simply consumed by households or livestocks. In 2013, total volume of water consumed was estimated at Mm 3 compared to Mm 3 in It was highest for the Agriculture industries with Mm 3 of water consumed representing 92% of total water consumed, followed by Households (13.4 Mm 3 or 5%), and Manufacturing and services industries (9.2 Mm 3 or 3%) The corresponding figures for 2011 were Agriculture industries: Mm 3 or 92% Households: 13.7 Mm 3 or 5%, and Manufacturing and services industries: 6.4 Mm 3 or 2%. 3.3 Water return to the economy Total water return to the environment amounted to Mm 3 in 2013 compared to Mm 3 in The electricity industry returned some Mm 3 of water to the economy (all the water that it has extracted) while the agriculture industry returned some Mm 3, and CWA some Mm 3 of water as a result of water loss due to leaks in its 3,500 km-long water distribution network. Water returns by the other sectors were as follows:- households: 60.0 Mm 3 of which 32.0 Mm 3 through the sewerage and water treatment system and 28.0 Mm 3 directly to the environment, and the manufacturing and services industries: 25.0 Mm 3. 4
9 Table 3: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius A. Physical Use table (millions of cubic metres) From the environment 1. Total Abstraction ( = 1.a + 1.b = 1.i + 1.ii) ISIC Agriculture ISIC 05-33, 41-43,38,39,45-99 Manufacture and services ISIC 3510 ISIC 3600 ISIC 3700 Hydroelectricity Water utility (drinking water) Sewerage (sewage collection and treatment) 1.a. Abstraction for own use b. Abstraction for distribution i. From inland water resources: ii. Hydroelectric power generation Irrigation water Mine water Urban run-off cooling water Other 1.i.1. Surface water i.2. Ground water i.3. Soil water Collection of precipitation 1.iii. Abstraction from the sea Total Households Total 752 Within the economy 2. Use of water received from other economic units of which: 2.a. 2.b. Reused water Wastewater to sewerage c. Desalinated water 3. Total use of water ( =1 + 2)
10 Table 3: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius ISIC ISIC 05-33, 41-43,38,39,45-99 ISIC 3510 ISIC 3600 ISIC 3700 Sewerage Total Households Total Manufacture and Water utility (sewage Agriculture Hydroelectricity services (drinking water) collection and treatment) 4. Supply of water to other economic of which: units B. Physical Supply table (millions of cubic metres) Within the economy Into the environment 4.a. 4.b. Wastewater to sewerage c. 5. Total returns (= 5.a + 5.b) Irrigation water Mine water Reused water Hydroelectric power generation Losses in distribution because of leakages Treated wastewater Other Desalinated water Urban run-off cooling water 5.a. To inland water resources ( = 5.a a a.3) a.1. Surface water a.2. Groundwater a.3. Soil water 5.b. To other sources (e.g. Sea water) Total supply of water ( = 4 + 5) Consumption ( = 3-6) of which: 7.a. Losses of distribution not because of of leakages
11 Table 4: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius A. Physical Use table (millions of cubic metres) From the environment 1. ISIC Agriculture ISIC 05-33, 41-43,38,39,45-99 Manufacture and services ISIC 3510 ISIC 3600 ISIC 3700 Hydroelectricity Water utility (drinking water) Sewerage (sewage collection and treatment) Total Abstraction ( = 1.a + 1.b = 1.i + 1.ii) 1.a. Abstraction for own use b. Abstraction for distribution i. From inland water resources: ii. Hydroelectric power generation Irrigation water Mine water Urban run-off cooling water Other 1.i.1. Surface water i.2. Ground water i.3. Soil water Collection of precipitation 1.iii. Abstraction from the sea Total Households Total Within the economy 2. Use of water received from other economic units of which: 2.a. 2.b. Reused water Wastewater to sewerage c. Desalinated water 3. Total use of water ( =1 + 2)
12 Table 4: Detailed Physical Supply and Use, Mauritius ISIC ISIC 05-33, 41-43,38,39,45-99 ISIC 3510 ISIC 3600 ISIC 3700 Agriculture Water utility Sewerage Total Households Total Manufacture and Hydroelectricity (drinking (sewage services collection and water) treatment) 4. Supply of water to other economic of which: units B. Physical Supply table (millions of cubic metres) Within the economy Into the environment 4.a. 4.b. Wastewater to sewerage c. 5. Total returns (= 5.a + 5.b) Other Reused water Desalinated water Hydroelectric power generation Irrigation water Mine water Urban run-off cooling water Losses in distribution because of leakages Treated wastewater 5.a. To inland water resources ( = 5.a a a.3) a.1. Surface water a.2. Groundwater a.3. Soil water 5.b. To other sources (e.g. Sea water) Total supply of water ( = 4 + 5) Consumption ( = 3-6) of which: 7.a. Losses of distribution not because of of leakages
13 4. Water Asset Accounts Water Asset Accounts show the stocks of water resources and their changes during a particular period, linking water use by the economy (abstraction and returns) and the natural flows of water to the stocks of water in the country. They can be represented as follows: a) Opening and closing stocks, which are the stock levels at the beginning and the end of the period; b) Increases in stocks, which include those due to human activity (returns) and natural causes, such as precipitation; c) Decreases in stocks, which include those due to human activity (abstraction) and natural causes, such as evapotranspiration and outflows. In the absence of data on stocks at the beginning and end of the year, simplified accounts have been prepared where it is assumed that the total addition to stock and the reduction in stock of water are the same. Table 5 and Table 6 present the accounts for 2011 and 2013 respectively. Table 5: Water Asset Account, Mauritius 2011 (millions cubic metres) Type of water resource Opening Additions to Artificial reservoirs Opening A.1.1 Surface water Lakes Opening A.1.2 Rivers and streams Groundwater Opening A.2 Soil water TOTAL Opening A.1 + Opening A.2 Returns 181 Precipitation Inflows from other territories Inflows from other inland water resources Discoveries of water in aquifers Total additions to stock Reductions Abstractions for hydro power generation for cooling water 0 Evapotranspiration Outflows to other territories Outflows to the sea Outflows to other inland water resources Total reductions in stock Closing Closing A.1.1 Closing A.1.2 Closing A.2 Closing A.1 + Closing A.2 9
14 Table 6: Water Asset Account, Mauritius 2013 (millions cubic metres) Opening Additions to Reductions Closing Artificial reservoirs Lakes Opening A.1.1 Opening A.1.2 Rivers and streams Opening A.2 Opening A.1 + Opening A Abstractions for hydro power generation for cooling water 0 Closing A.1.1 Surface water Returns 280 Precipitation 2293 Inflows from other territories Inflows from other inland water resources Discoveries of water in aquifers Total additions to stock 2573 Evapotranspiration Outflows to other territories Outflows to the sea 1806 Outflows to other inland water resources Total reductions in stock 2573 Closing A.1.2 Type of water resource Groundwater Closing A.2 Soil water TOTAL Closing A.1 + Closing A.2 Total addition to stock in 2013 was 4,711.3 Mm 3, 7% higher than 2011, comprising 2,573.0 Mm 3 from rivers, reservoirs and lakes (surface water) and Mm 3 from groundwater, in addition to the 1,528.1 Mm 3 of soil water consisting of water from the uppermost belt of soil. Total reduction is explained by evapotranspiration (1,146.0 Mm 3 ); abstraction including hydropower (888.0 Mm 3 ); outflows to the sea (2,295.2 Mm 3 ) and outflows to other inland water resources (382.1 Mm 3 ). 10
15 Concepts and Methodologies Water accounts: Water accounts are a set of statistical data representing the water stocks and flow in a country in both physical and monetary terms. The framework commonly adopted for water accounting is the SEEA-Water 1 which provides a conceptual framework for organizing hydrological and economic information in a coherent and consistent manner in order to enable the study of the interactions between the economy and the environment. SEEA-Water: System of Environmental and Economic Accounts for Water is presented in simplified diagrammatic form below, which shows the economy, the system of water resources and their interactions. Source: SEEA-Water, 2012 The economy and the inland water resource system of a territory, referred to as territory of reference, are represented in the figure as two separate boxes. The inland water resource system of a territory is composed of all water resources in the territory (surface water, groundwater and soil water) and the natural flows between and among them. The economy of a territory consists of residential water users that abstract water for production and consumption purposes and put in place the infrastructure to store, treat, distribute and discharge water. 1 System of Environmental and Economic Accounts for Water (UN) 11
16 Definition from the IRWS 1. Inland water stocks - The volume of water contained in surface water, groundwater and soil water within the territory of reference at a particular point in time. This includes freshwater, brackish water and saline water and all types of water quality. 2. Groundwater stocks -The volume of water in porous and permeable underground layers, known as aquifers that can yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs. 3. Precipitation - The volume of water that flows from the atmosphere to inland water resources via rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, mist, etc., per year. 4. Run-off (i.e., surface run-off) - The volume of water that flows from the atmosphere via rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, mist, etc., and upon reaching the Earth s surface, either lands in surface water or flows overland into surface water bodies, per year. 5. Evapotranspiration from inland water resources - The volume of water from land and water surfaces that enters the atmosphere by vaporization of water into a gas and through evaporation and transpiration from plants, per year. 6. Abstraction of water (E) is the volume of water that is removed or collected by economic units directly from the environment. The abstraction of water is disaggregated by the source of water: inland water resources (E.1), collection of precipitation (E.2) and abstraction of water from the sea (E.3). 7. Abstraction from inland water resources (E.1) - The volume of water that is removed by economic units from surface water, groundwater and soil water within the territory of reference, per year. This includes the abstraction of inland waters that are fresh, brackish, saline or polluted. This excludes abstraction of water from the sea or ocean, since these are not inland water resources 8. Abstraction from surface water (E.1.1) - The volume of water removed by economic units from artificial reservoirs, lakes, rivers, wetlands and snow, ice and glaciers within the territory of reference, per year. Bank filtration is considered an abstraction of surface water 9. Abstraction from groundwater (E.1.2) - The volume of water removed by economic units from aquifers and springs within the territory of reference, per year 10. Water supplied to other economic units (F) is the volume of water that is provided by one economic unit to another economic unit through mains, artificial open channels, sewers, drains, trucks or other means. Water supplied to other economic units (F) excludes the losses of water in distribution that are included in data item I and the supply of bottled water (CPC, Ver. 2, 2441), which is one of the supplementary data items. 11. Water supplied by resident economic units to resident economic units (F.1) - The volume of water (CPC 18000) that is provided by resident economic units, typically of the water supply industry (ISIC 36), to other resident economic units through mains, artificial open channels, sewers, drains, trucks or other means, per year. 12. Water supplied by resident economic units to resident economic units for treatment or disposal (F.3.1) - The volume of water discharged into drains or sewers by resident economic units for treatment or disposal by other resident economic units, per year. 12
17 13. Returns of water to the environment by economic units (H) - The volume of water that flows from economic units directly to inland water resources, the sea or to land, within the territory of reference, per year. This includes urban storm water, losses due to leakage and burst pipes, irrigation water that infiltrates into groundwater or ends up in surface water, and the discharges of cooling water and water used for hydroelectricity generation. It excludes evaporation because evaporation is consumption. 14. Returns of water to the environment by economic units to inland water resources (H.1) - The volume of water that flows from economic units directly to surface water or groundwater within the territory of reference, per year. 15. Returns of water to the environment by economic units to the sea (H.2) - The volume of water that flows from economic units directly into the sea or ocean, within the territory of reference, per year. These discharges may occur near the coast or further offshore. 16. Losses of water (I) - The volume of water that is lost in distribution or lost when sent for treatment and disposal, within the territory of reference, per year. This includes water (CPC 18000) and wastewater. 17. Losses of water in distribution (I.1) - The volume of water (CPC, Ver. 2, 1800) that is lost during distribution and transportation, between the point of abstraction and the point of use or between the points of use and reuse (e.g., from mains, artificial open channels and trucks). Losses of water sent for treatment or disposal in collection (I.2) consists of water lost from the system used to collect, treat or dispose of discharged water, including artificial open channels and trucks used to collect discharged water. 13
18 Annex A Table A1: Selected water indicators, INDICATORS UNITS LTA* Main Indicators Population density inhab/km Hydroelectricity as proportion of energy % % 3% 4% 5% 4% 2% 3% 3% Electricity generated per capita KWh/inhab 1,544 1,647 1,669 1,770 1,829 1,909 1,966 2,052 2,122 2,134 2,221 2,253 2,302 2,370 Hydrologic Information Precipitation in height mm/year 2,011 2,010 1,891 2,082 2,148 2,270 2,372 1,914 1,954 2,381 2,397 1,806 1,945 1,609 2,049 Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR) hm 3 /year 2,625 2,558 2,412 2,734 2,804 2,963 3,096 2,500 2,551 3,108 3,129 2,358 2,539 2,101 2,675 TRWR per capita m 3 /inhab 2,222 2,079 2,341 2,384 2,504 2,601 2,091 2,124 2,579 2,591 1,948 2,095 1,729 2,198 Artificial reservoir capacity per capita m 3 /inhab Water in the economy Total water abstracted (excluding hydroelectricity) hm 3 /year Water abstracted per capita m 3 /inhab Water abstraction as proportion of TRWR % Water abstracted for drinking water per capita L/inhab/day Proportion of abstraction by water utilities that is lost % Water received in households per capita L/inhab/day Water-related social-demographic data items Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source % > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > > 99 > 99 Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation sources % *: LTA: Long term Average ( ) 1 Source: Housing and Population Census 14
19 Table A2: Water Supply by sector, Island of Mauritius, Potable Water supply to Units Households Mm Non households Mm Agriculture and livestock Manufacturing Mm Accommodation Mm services Other services Mm Total Potable Water Supply Non Potable Water supply to Agriculture and livestock Mm Mm Mm Manufacturing Mm Total Non Potable Mm Total Sales of water Source: CWA Mm
20 Table A3: Water abstraction, Island of Mauritius, INDICATORS Abstractions Surface water from reservoirs from rivers and streams Groundwater Total abstraction (excluding hydroelectricity) Abstraction per capita Hydroelectricity Total abstraction (including hydroelectricity) Water abstraction by CWA for distribution Surface water Groundwater Total water abstracted by CWA % Abstracted by CWA Unaccounted For Water "Losses" Unaccounted For Water (UFW) Source: CWA and WRU Unit Mm Mm Mm Mm Mm m 3 / person Mm Mm Mm Mm Mm % Mm %
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