OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 2017 Simon Upton, OECD Environment Director

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 2017 Simon Upton, OECD Environment Director"

Blake Harrison
6 years ago
Views:

1 OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 217 Simon Upton, OECD Environment Director

2 Estonia is a top-performing economy 2= Latvia 173 Estonia 165 OECD 126 Germany Note: GDP expressed at 21 prices and purchasing power parities. 2 = 1 Source: OECD (216), National Accounts (database). 2

3 Energy consumption grew, while its intensity decreased Mtoe 3,5 3 2,5 2 Other 4% Services 16% Residential 31% 2 = Final energy consumption intensity 6 1,5 1 Agriculture, forestry, fishing 5% Transport 26% 4, a. GDP in 21 PPP prices Source: IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (216), National Accounts (database). Industry 2% 2 3

4 The most carbon-intensive economy in the OECD CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP, 213 t/1 USD,6,5,4,3,2,1 4

5 GHG emissions are decoupled from economic growth, but still increasing 2 = GDP TPES GHG Note: GDP is expressed in 21 PPP prices Source: IEA (216), IEA CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics (database); IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (216), National Accounts (database). 5

6 Third-highest growth in GHG emissions 6 Top twenty OECD countries plus Estonia. Source: OECD (216), Greenhouse gas emissions by source, OECD Environment Statistics (database)

7 Energy is by far the largest GHG emitter Transport 11% Waste 2% other 4% Agriculture 6% Energy 77% Source: IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database) 7

8 Transport is where emissions increased the most GHG emissions, change by sector, 2-14 Waste Fugitive emissions from fuels Industrial processes Manufacturing and construction Agriculture Energy industries Energy Transport -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% % 1% 2% 3% 4% Source: IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (216), National Accounts (database). 8

Oil shale provides 7% of energy supply 7 6 5 4 Renewables Natural gas Oil 3 2 Oil shale 1 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215

9 Oil shale provides 7% of energy supply Renewables Natural gas Oil 3 2 Oil shale Million tons of oil equivalent Sources: IEA (216), IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics (database); OECD (216), National Accounts (database). 9

10 The share of renewables in electricity production remains low 1% Share of renewables in electricity production, 215 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Source: IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (216), 1

11 Subsidies support renewable energy Sources: MoE, 215; Elering,

12 Air pollution is decreasing in most regions 1 tonnes of air emissions SO x 32 NO x NMVOC 8 PM SOx and NOx: total man-made emissions. Source: IEA (216), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (216), National Accounts 12

13 Aichi target on biodiversity protection is achieved Percentage of terrestrial area under protection, April 216. Preliminary results. Source: OECD calculations based on WDPA,

14 Forests are intensively used 11% 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Fellings related to annual productive capacity, 214 or latest, top ten OECD countries Source: OECD Environment Statistics (database) 14

15 Towards a green tax reform 4,5 Environmental Taxes as % of GDP, ,5 3 Other Motor vehicles Energy 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 -,5 Source: OECD/EEA database on instruments for environmental policy 15

16 Large differences in the effective carbon rate on energy use ECR Level (in EUR/ t CO2) 35 3 Sweden Finland 25 2 Estonia % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 1% % of CO2 emissions OECD (216), Effective Carbon Rates 16

17 Towards a green tax reform 4,5 Environmental Taxes as % of GDP, ,5 3 Other Motor vehicles Energy 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 -,5 Source: OECD/EEA database on instruments for environmental policy 17

18 Extraction and waste disposal taxes provide most environmental tax revenue Million EUR Emissions into water bodies and soil Water abstraction Mineral extraction Emissions into ambient air 2 Waste disposal Other Source: Country submission. 18

19 Significant increase in air and water pollution taxes 2 = 1 6 SO2 NOx Mercaptanes Air pollution taxes CO VOC CO2 2 = 1 6 Water pollution taxes BOD7 P N Solid particles Phenols Naphta, oils Source: Country submission. 19

20 Disposal taxes for municipal solid waste have risen steadily EUR/tonne Source: Country submission. 2

21 Public R&D spending on environment increased Trends in public R&D spending 2-14 USD million 25 prices Total R&D (right axis) USD million 25 prices Environment R&D (left axis) Note: Data contain estimates. Source: IEA (215), IEA Energy Technology and RD&D Statistics (database); OECD (215), OECD Science, Technology and R&D Statistics (database). 21

22 High public R&D budget on environment Environment-related R&D budgets, percentage of total government R&D budgets, 215 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % OECD (216), Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (database); 22

23 Yet the output is limited: Estonia lags behind on green patents Patents in environment-related technology per capita, top 15 countries, average Denmark Japan Germany Korea Finland Austria Switzerland Sweden Luxembourg Israel Netherlands France United States Norway Canada Estonia Rank in OECD: 23rd patents/million persons OECD (216), "Patents: Technology development", OECD Environment Statistics (database). 23

24 Materials consumption increased faster than GDP 25 Domestic material consumption 2 2 = 1 GDP Note: GDP - 21 PPP. Source: Eurostat (216); OECD (216) (databases). 24

25 Waste from oil shale: a major environmental issue In 214, Estonia produced 15 million tonnes of pure oil shale and: 6.9 million tonnes of oil shale Source: Statistics Estonia,

26 Oil shale has a heavy impact, particularly in Ida-Viru Source: ESTEA (216) 26

27 The transformation of municipal waste management Source: OECD Environment Statistics (database) 27

28 OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 217

Energy and CO 2 emissions in the OECD

Energy and CO 2 emissions in the OECD With detailed supply and demand data up to 216 1 1. Data based on the 218 preliminary editions of the IEA World energy balances, and the IEA CO 2 Emissions from fuel