Export & import possibilities and fuel prices

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1 AFB-net V Targeted actions in bioenergy network Export & import possibilities and fuel prices Task 2 Country report of FRANCE

2 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION BIOMASS RESOURCES CURRENT ENERGY USE OF BIOMASS CURRENT BIOMASS USERS FUEL PRICES FISCAL MEASURES LEGISLATION CURRENT BIOMASS IMPORT AND EXPORT CONCLUSIONS

3 1 INTRODUCTION In AFB-net V, there was a special task on Export & Import possibilities and fuel prices. The aim of this task was twofold. As far as the international biomass trade is concerned, the main targets were firstly to collect information about the current situation, and secondly to find possibilities to increase the trade in the future. The main barriers were to be recognised, and the ways to overcome these were to be found. One target was also to find alternative transportation routes and organisations which are willing to participate in the international biomass trade. The second part of the task, biomass fuel prices, aimed at collecting information about the biomass and competitive fossil fuel prices in each country. Also the legislative, taxation and subsidy framework has impact on the price levels, so these were also taken into account. The ultimate target was to create a common framework for information collection to make price comparisons possible and to make the price information collection to be a periodically repeated action. To reach these targets, a questionnaire form was created to get the information from different countries in comparable form. The questionnaire was launched in June 1999, and the answers were to be returned in October Based on the answers, country-wise reports are prepared, and conclusions will be drawn in the Final Report. This report is based on the French data on the questionnaire. The information collection work has been done by ADEME. Also other available information are used, e.g. results of other EU projects, different reports and statistics available, and proceedings of several seminars in biomass field. In the following table 1, some basic facts and figures of France are presented. Table 1. France in brief, 1997 (1999 Annual Energy Review). Population 58,61 million Gross inland energy consumption 242,7 Mtoe PJ * of which biomass 10,5 Mtoe 440 PJ Biomass inputs to power generation production 1,16 Mtoe 49 PJ Biomass in final energy consumption 9,31 Mtoe 390 PJ 2 BIOMASS RESOURCES In figure 1, the estimated annual biomass resources in France are presented. As it can be seen, the resources of other biomass types, mainly straw, are remarkable also when compared in European level. Only in Germany there are more straw available than in France. 3

4 If compared to the other European countries, there is much more domestic firewood resources in France than in other countries. Residential firewood is the second most important biomass resource in France PJ/ a Forest residues Industrial by-products (solid) Domestic (residential) firewood 0,3 Wood wastes Refined wood fuels Other biomass resources Figure 1. Annual biomass resources in France (total 861 PJ/a). 3 CURRENT ENERGY USE OF BIOMASS The current energy use of different biomass types in France is presented in figure 2. Despite the quite remarkable straw resources, it is not used in energy production. The most used biomass type is domestic firewood, still only about two thirds of the resources are utilised. About 20 % of the solid industrial by-products are used in energy production , PJ/a ,28 8,96 0,28 Industrial by-products (solid) Domestic (residential) firewood Wood wastes Refined wood fuels Figure 2. Current energy use of biomass in France (total 176 PJ/a). 4

5 The use of wood wastes from construction and demolition sites is only less than 10 % of the resources. The use of refined wood fuels, i.e. pellets and briquettes, is about 0,3 PJ/a. The shares of different biomass fuels in the total biomass use are presented in figure 3. As much as 90 % of the total biomass use is covered by residential use of firewood. Wood wastes 5 % Refined wood fuels 0 % Industrial by-products (solid) 5 % Domestic (residential) firewood 90 % Figure 3. Different fuels in French biomass utilization (total 176 PJ/a). 4 CURRENT BIOMASS USERS The number and total capacity of current biomass users in France are presented in table 2. The greatest number of biomass fuelled boilers with the capacity of more than 1 MW th can be found in district heating plants. It has been estimated that there are about 125 biomass boilers in municipal district heating plants, with total installed capacity of about 300 MW th. In industrial sector, there are 9 biomass fired boilers plants in pulp and paper industry, corresponding to 0.8 TWh e either about half of the national biomass power production in 1999 (main fuel: black liquors and barks). About 200 to 300 sawmills are equipped with biomass boiler fuelled with sawdust and bark. Total capacity is estimated at MW th. Few plants assume power generation production. In other industrial sectors, there is only biomass boilers in agro-industrial sector and especially in sugar industries located in overseas areas. 5

6 Table 2. Current biomass users in France. BIOMASS USERS Amount Unit No. of biomass fuelled DH plants (> 1 MW) 125 pieces Installed capacity of biomass fuelled DH boilers 300 MW th No. of biomass fuelled CHP plants 0 pieces Installed capacity of biomass fuelled CHP boilers - MW th - MW e No. of biomass fuelled power plants 0 pieces Installed capacity of biomass fuelled boilers - MW e No. of biomass fuelled plants in pulp & paper industry 9 pieces Installed capacity of solid biomass fuelled boilers or recovery boilers in pulp & paper industry 550 MW th MW e (0.8 TWh e) No. of biomass fuelled plants in sawmills 200 pieces Installed capacity of biomass fuelled boilers in sawmills 250 MW th << 5 MW e No. of biomass fuelled plants in mechanical wood industries (panel, construction, packaging, furniture) 660 pieces Installed capacity of biomass fuelled boilers 1060 MW th No. of biomass fuelled plants in other industries: bagasse cofiring in sugar industies Installed capacity of biomass fuelled boilers in other industries 3 pieces - MW th 180 MW e (1 TWh e) 6

7 5 FUEL PRICES The average fuel prices for different plant sizes are presented in figure , ,53 EUR/GJ 8 6 5,72 7,2 7,84 6,78 7,24 5,59 5,59 4,66 < 1 MW 1-5 MW 5-50 MW > 50 MW 4 4,03 3,65 3,6 3,62 3,98 3,18 3,6 3,3 2 1,1 1,35 0 Forest residues Industrial byproducts (solid) Domestic (residential) firewood Wood wastes Refined wood fuels Heavy fuel oil Light fuel oil Natural gas Coal Figure 4. The fuel prices for different plant sizes in France. 6 FISCAL MEASURES Financial and fiscal measures played a very important role to foster renewable energy projects. Taxation on fossil fuels does not yet include a CO 2 tax, but the idea is now becoming a reality. The french ecotax, also called TGAP (general tax on pollutant activities) was initially the only environnenal tax in France. Its covered several fields (atmospheric pollution, MSW landfill, oil collection, noise reduction and industrial wastes). Initiated since few years, discussions have been speed up in the framework of Kyoto protocol and recently with the REW directive for power production and have lead to extend TGAP application field with a CO 2 taxation. These measures must be implemented from the 1t january of Are only concerned, firm which consumed more than 100 toe per year. Fossil fuel and its by products will be taxed according to its carbon content at the basis on per carbon ton equivalent. Rate taxation for electricity will be fixed. The taxation on fossil fuels is presented in table 3. 7

8 Table 3. Taxation on fossil fuels. Fuel Heavy oil HTS (S>2%) Heavy oil BTS (S<2%) Domestic oil Coal GPL (heating) Natural gas (industry) Electricity (industry) Tax in Euros 33,54 /1000 l 33,54 /1000 l 28,81 /1000 l 26,53 /t 31,71 /t 1,98 /MWh PCS 1,98 /MWh Expected benefices willl be assigned to fiscal measures in favour of job development. Tax exemption has been the approach adopted: flexible depreciation for investments in rational use of energy and renewable energy production (100 % of depreciation in only one year), tax exemption on biofuel production, personnal tax exemption (revenues) for house equipment saving energy or promoting solar water heaters and slab heating. The French energy taxes are presented in table 4. There are no sulphur tax on fuel. The general value added tax is 19,6 %, but a reduced VAT of 5,5 % is defined for wood fuel and for wood burning devices in house renovation. VAT is completely refunded for industry and partially for communities. Table 4. Energy taxation in France. Fuel Tax for industry ( /MWh) Tax for other users ( /MWh) Heavy fuel oil (TIPP, IFP, CPDC) depend on S content (domestic oil) Natural gas (TIGCN) Coal 0 0 Some fiscal measures affecting the use of biomass based energy are collected in the following table (table 5). Table 5. French taxes affecting biomass utilisation Fiscal measure TGAP Favourable taxation Flexible depreciation Main contents No CO 2 tax is in force in France, but a discussion is taking place to implement a CO 2 taxation in 2001 (see TGAP). Taxation on fossil fuels to be modified: a new taxation scheme is under discussion to allow ADEME to develop programmes in the fields of energy conservation and RES deployment. Specific depreciation rate (100 % in one year) for investments in the field of RES investments. 8

9 In table 6, some subsidies promoting renewable energy sources are presented. The additional data source which has been used is the database of the ALTENER ENER/IURE project. Table 6. French subsidies on renewable energy sources. Subsidy ADEME help tools National wood energy program for its promotion and development (ADEME) FACE mechanism Development of collective heating network Main contents Financial help to support decision in REW investment: - advice (pre- diagnonis: subsidy level 70%) - a study (feasability study : subsidy level 50%) Financial support of investments dedicated to the development of wood-energy solutions - biomass heating plants, DH plants, CHP plants in collective (subsidy level: 30-40%) and industrial (subsidy level: 10-15%) sectors - wood supply structure (subsidy level: 30-40%) Financial support for the implementation of rural electrification projects with RES. (subsidy level: 70%) Financial support to extend available DH: maximun level 400 / ton carbon equivalent. 7 LEGISLATION (Source: ALTENER ENER/IURE project) France is governed by a legislative framework in the energy field, which put the emphasis on the electricity market, the basic rules being adopted after the second world war and still in force, even if many legislative peaces have been issued since this period. The transposition of the European directive in the electricity market will be approved by the French Parliament. EDF will still play a key role on the energy market, especially in the distribution activities (for individuals). The key features of the legislative scheme, at French level, focus on the duties/obligations of EDF (national utility), as its position of monopoly have to be balanced by specific obligations (investment level, price fixation on the whole territory, rural electrification through grid extension). As far as the legislative work is concerned, France paid a clear priority, in the recent period , on environmental issues: environmental impact assessments, water management, coastal protection measures, river protection and classification, etc. All the legislative measures are now considered as a major problem for private investors on the energy market, even from renewable resources (water, wind, geothermal, etc.). The idea for energy aspects is to implement Regional Framework Programmes, which would comply with local/regional priorities, local resources and environmental protection decisions. This new piece of law will be a key aspect for the future. 9

10 National schemes have been launched in many sectors, on the basis of unpublished agreements between EDF, the Ministry of Industry and ADEME (national body in charge of energy saving programmes and renewable energy promotion). Table 7 presents the French legislation affecting the use of biomass based fuels in energy production. The main source of information has been the database of the ALTENER ENER/IURE project. Table 7. French legislation concerning energy use of biomass (Source: ALTENER ENER/IURE project). Law or regulation Law no dated Legal obligation to purchase electricity from private producers Law 10/02/2000 Main contents The electricity market is ruled through this legal framework; EDF has the monopoly for the whole territory (including overseas islands) and has to fulfill service obligations. This legislative basis will be reviewed, the European directives will be translated in French law: deregulated electricity market. Small hydro-power generation was first concerned by this legislation, followed by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation in the early 90 s. Issues addressed concerned feed-in tariffs and price revision procedure. Implementation of the EU electricity liberalization directive Threshold: 12 MWe The law implementing the European electricity liberalization directive is approved since February 2000, one year after EU deadline. This law (10/02/2000) cancel and replace the previous legal framework for cogeneration: a standart contract adopted in 1997 which was based on a 1995 decree. It indicates that cogenerators will continue to benefit from a buy-back system with the utilities but only under a 12 MW e threshold. Above this threshold, cogenerators (except when waste fired or DH energy schemes) will compete on the open market. 8 CURRENT BIOMASS IMPORT AND EXPORT There were no information available concerning French biomass import and export. 10

11 9 CONCLUSIONS Several events must be pointed out which sum up the last months. This year is particulary rich and all these events will have lots of impacts on French policy to take more into account energetic and environmental aspects: - Kyoto protocol: implementation of a french scheme to fight againt greenhouse effects - liberalization of the French electricity market (in delay for application of natural gas directive) - Extension of TGAP on a CO 2 taxation - New national programme is bound to be launch on thema of energy saving. - Next EU directive on power production from RES SOURCES ALTENER ENER/IURE project, Energy in Europe, 1999 Annual Energy Review. European Commission, Directorate-general for energy. The review can be downloaded from the website General energetic situation in France, presentation of cofiring experience (final version in preparation) Oct 2000 ADEME report for Altener cofiring seminar Energetic taxation, in France and in Europe Feb 200 Raw materials and energy Division, Ministry od industry 11

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