Integrating Renewable Fuel Heating Systems

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1 Integrating Renewable Fuel Heating Systems An Overview of Wood Heating Systems Better Buildings by Design 2009 February 12th, 2009 Adam Sherman, Program Manager Biomass Energy Resource Center

2 Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) BERC is a national not-for-profit organization working to promote responsible use of biomass for energy. BERC s mission is to achieve a healthier environment, strengthen local economies, and increase energy security across the United States by developing sustainable biomass systems at the community level.

3 US Energy Consumption by Source Graph Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

4 Crude Oil Production in the US Peak Production in Crude Oil Annual Production, Billion Barrels

5 World Oil Production History & Forecast: One Scenario 60 USGS Estimates of Ultimate Recovery Peak in 2030 Billion Barrels per Year History Forecast Note: US volumes were added to the USGS foreign volumes to obtain world totals. Source: US DOE, Energy Information Administration

6 U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil Use Oil U.S. 26% Japan 7% China 6% Germany 4% Russia 3% S. Korea 3% France 3% Italy 3% Mexico 3% Brazil 3% Canada 3% India 3% Have Oil Saudi Arabia 26% Iraq 11% Kuwait 10% Iran 9% UAE 8% Venezuela 6% Russia 5% Mexico 3% Libya 3% China 3% Nigeria 2% U.S. 2% Updated August 2002 Source: International Energy Annual 1999 (EIA), Tables 1.2 and 8.1.

7 Renewable Energy Use Matrix Energy End-Use Needs Heat Electricity Fuel Gas Fuel Liquids Solar Wind Geothermal Hydro Biomass

8 Basic Wood Fuel Properties Oxygen 42% Wood Composition - Elemental Other 2% Carbon 50% Wood is 50% Carbon, 42% Oxygen, and 6% Hydrogen Wood is 52% cellulose, 22% hemi-cellulose, 25% lignin Cellulose 52% Hydrogen 6% Wood Composition - Biochemical Hemicellulose 22% Oils, etc. 1% Wood has a HHV range of 8,000 12,200 Btu/oven dry pound Moisture content range of 5% - 65% Lignin 25% LHV is dependant on MC

9 Wood Energy Content 1 Ton Wood (dry) 118 gallons of Oil * Does not account for conversion efficiency

10 Biomass Energy Pathways Thermal Biological Physical Chemical Excess air Partial air No Air Pretreatment Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Fermentation Anaerobic Digestion Hydrolysis (heat & pressure) Transesterification Heat Fuel Gases (CO + H 2 ) Liquids Ethanol Methane Liquids Bio-diesel

11 Conversion Efficiency Wood to Energy (available technology) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Electric Thermal Industrial Process Heat Building Heat CHP Thermal District Heat Wood Stove CHP Power 200 MW Co-Firing 50 MW Power Plant 20 MW Power Plant Technology Efficiency

12 Wood to Energy Pathways Activity Wood Fuel Technology Application Quality Forestry Cordwood Combustion Thermal Land Clearing Woodchips Gasification Electric Energy Crop Plantations Pellets Pyrolysis Transport Clean Wood Waste Recycling Hydrolysis & Fermentation

13 Appliances, Delivery and Uses Appliances Thermal Carrier Heat Use Stoves Warm Air Space Heating Furnaces Boiler Hot Water Steam Domestic Hot Water Cooling Electric

14 Traditional Wood Fuels Chunkwood Chips Pellets Residential Heating Commercial and institutional heating Utility-scale power production Residential Heating Small Commercial and Institutional Heating

15 Woodchip Fuel Options Paper Grade Chips Whole-tree Chips Urban Wood Waste Bole Chips

16 Firewood Options Long Length Green Cut & Split Seasoned Cut & Split

17 Wood Pellet Fuel Options Premium Grade Pellets Standard Grade Pellets Industrial Grade Pellets/Tablets

18 Comparative Cost of Heat - Various Fuels Fuel Unit Cost/unit Average Efficiency $/MMBtu Delivered Heating Oil gallons $ % $28.99 Propane gallons $ % $24.46 Natural Gas therms $ % $14.38 Cordwood cords $225 55% $19.48 Woodchips tons $56 65% $9.64 Wood Pellets tons $280 75% $22.78

19 System Sizes Market Residential Stoves Residential Furnaces and Boilers Small Commercial & Institutional Boilers Large Commercial & Institutional Boilers Appliance Energy Output 20,000 50,000 Btu/hr 150, ,000 Btu/hr 500,000 3 million Btu/hr >3 million Btu/hr

20 Indoor Chunkwood Boilers

21 Indoor Chunkwood Boilers Cobb Hill Co-Housing Hartland, Vermont

22 Indoor Chunkwood Boilers Marsh-Billings- Rockefeller National Historic Park Woodstock, VT

23 Pellet Boilers

24 Pellet Boilers All Faiths Church Shelburne, VT

25 Pellet Boilers NRG Systems Hinesburg, VT

26 Woodchip Boilers

27 Woodchip Boilers School Heating Johnson Elementary Johnson, Vermont

28 Woodchip Boilers District Heating Crotched Mountain Rehab Center Greenfield, New Hampshire

29 Woodchip Boilers - District Heating Bennington College Bennington, Vermont

30 Woodchip Boilers - CHP North Country Hospital Newport, Vermont

31 Woodchip Boilers District Energy Middlebury College, Vermont

32 Outlook to Future European Technologies Integrated solar hot water with pellet boiler plug and play units

33 Outlook to Future European Systems Central heating plant providing hot water to entire communities via hot water piping networks

34 Contact Information Adam Sherman, Program Manager Biomass Energy Resource Center 43 State Street Montpelier, VT X 128 asherman@biomasscenter.org

35 Atmospheric Carbon Impacts of Biomass Energy

36 Biomass Energy and Carbon Cycling Is Biomass Energy Carbon Neutral? Yes, but it really depends on many factors What where the pre-harvest forest conditions? What was harvested? How much? How was it harvested? How much carbon was emitted in harvesting and transporting the wood? What was the post harvest condition? How is neutrality measured?

37 Community-Scale Biomass Energy as a Climate Change Strategy The two most important questions are: What will the harvested wood displace? Will the harvesting of the wood used to displace fossil fuels enhance or diminish the forest s capacity to sequester carbon into the future?

38 Air Emissions Particulate Matter fro m Vario us Wo o d Combustion Systems 3 Particulates (PM 10) 2.5 SOx NOx VOC s Pellet Stove EPA Certified Stove Older Residential Stove McNeil Generating Plant School-sized Boilers Industrial Wood Boilers PM 10 (lbs/mmbtu) lbs/ million Btus Input

39 OWB Air Emissions

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