Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning, Design, Construction, Documentation

Transcription

1 Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning, Design, Construction, Documentation Peter Wright PE Agricultural Engineer PRO-DAIRY LCBP, NEIWPCC, and EPA are funding partners 1

2 Vermont RAP Section 6. Required Agricultural Practices; Conditions, Restrictions, and Operating Standards 6.01 Discharges a) Farms shall not create any discharge of agricultural wastes to surface waters of the State through a discrete conveyance such as, but not limited to, a pipe, ditch, or conduit without a permit from the Secretary of ANR. b) Production areas, barnyards, animal holding or feedlot areas, manure storage areas, and feed storage areas shall utilize runoff and leachate collection systems, diversion, or other management strategies in order to prevent the discharge of agricultural wastes to surface water or groundwater.

3 NRCS Standards efotg Standards Statements of Work Guidelines Specifications O&M

4 NRCS Standards Filter Strip Standard (VT 393) Heavy Use Area Protection Standard (VT 561) Roofs and Covers (NAT 367) Roof Runoff Structure (VT 558) Waste Treatment (VT 629) Ag Waste Management Supplement Milking Wastewater Infiltration System

5 NRCS O&M OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN FOR WASTE TREATMENT - MILKHOUSE WASTEWATER INFILTRATION AREA OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN FOR HEAVY USE AREA PROTECTION

6 Vermont Farm*A*Syst Worksheet #10 Assessing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination from Milkhouse Wastewater Treatment Worksheet #8 Assessing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination from Barn Yard Management

7 Concentrated Sources Waste Wash water Barnyard runoff Silage Leachate

8 Estimated BOD LB/yr Milking Center Waste Silage Leachate Barnyard Runoff Domestic Waste

9 Estimated N LB/yr Milking Center Waste Sila ge Leachate Barnyard Runoff Domestic Waste

10 Estimated P LB/yr Milking Center Waste Silage Leachate Barnyard Runoff Domestic Waste

11 Concentrated Sources Amounts and concentrations vary daily seasonally from farm to farm They can be Managed When Rain Driven the impact is less diluted not observed

12 Concentrations N P Milking Center 400 ppm 60 ppm Silage Leachate 4, Barnyard 1, Manure 5, Domestic Waste 30 7

13 Annual Load from Concentrated Sources N P Milking Center 3,000 lb 30 lb Silage Leachate 3, Barnyard Manure 31,600 5,000 Domestic Waste 70 22

14 Concentrated Sources Pollution is Perception Total load from manure spreading But: Concentrated sources = point sources Concentrated Sources will be closely examined

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22 Conclusions Concentrated sources need to be controlled Prevention is key Look for low cost alternatives to treatment

23 Prevention Eliminate Reduce Reuse

24 Barnyards?

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27 Time spent out of barn vs size 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% ,000 1,200 cows

28 Barnyards Eliminate Reduce the size Reduce the runoff Exclude outside water Pavement increases runoff Vital to control runoff flow Protect Groundwater

29 NRCS Standard Source Control Scrape, time in barnyard, waterers Solid removal Daily - Weekly Size: 50 ft 2 /Animal Unit Location: Outside 25 year floodplain 200 ft from wells and potable water

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31 Abuse Areas Purpose? Increased loading Fences can be moved Image

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34 Barnyards Sized correctly Clean surface water diverted Paved and curbed Runoff controlled

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37 Roof Runoff Structure Ice and snow Fasteners Below projected roof line Capacity Gutter size Downspout location and size Animal Protection Outlet O&M

38 Clean Water Exclusion Diversion Curb Roof runoff Roof

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42 Ground Gutter Gravel Trench 20% of Volume as storage CPP or PVC 2 ft under Outlet Clean out

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52 Paved and Curbed

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65 Roll Curbs?

66 Buck Wall

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68 Surface treatment

69 Barnyard Runoff Storage

70 Wetland Treatment Constructed, not natural Storage for winter Sized properly Controlled outlet

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75 Vegetated Filter Strip Control solids No continuous liquid flow Will reduce BOD and total Phosphorus Not as effective on soluble nutrients without infiltration Won t treat concentrated flows

76 Vegetated filter strip to treat BOTH: barnyard runoff and milkhouse wastewater

77 VFS has Two Discharge Points Milkhouse wastewater P concentrations Avg - 16 mg/l, Range from 10 to 21 mg/l

78 4-5 hour Discharge pipes Flow moves to outside of gravel trench and spreader board

79 Flow bypassing outside of constructed VFS

80 Creating barnyard runoff

81 Screens and Collector Drop Box

82 25 Average DP Removal in a Grass VFS on Lackawanna sl Dissolved P Concentration, mg/l Responses and modeling results <---- y = x y = e x R 2 = R 2 = Distance from a Loading Source, feet

83 100 Dissolve P Removal in a Grass VFS on Lackawanna sl Performance as Percent P Removal Phosphorus Removal, % Average Wet Period Average Dry Period Average Distance from Loading Source, feet

84 Barnyard Runoff Estimated Nitrogen Fate Immobilized Soil OM 20% Denitrified 20% Volatilization 20% Crop Uptake 30% Leaching 10% Total 100%

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86 Barnyard Runoff Estimated Nitrogen Fate Immobilized Soil OM Denitrified Volatilization Crop Uptake Leaching Total 100 Lbs. 100 Lbs. 100 Lbs. 150 Lbs. 50 Lbs. 500 Lbs. N/Acre

87 Barnyard Runoff Assumptions: 20 gallons manure /cow per day 32 Lbs. N/1000 gallons of manure 230 Lbs. N / cow per year Time in barnyard proportional to manure left Daily cleaning leaves 10% available to flow Settling removes 25% of N

88 Barnyard Runoff 230 Lbs. N / cow per year 10% Time in barnyard 23 Lbs. N/cow/yr. Daily cleaning leaves 10% available to flow 2.3 Lbs. N/cow/yr. Settling removes 25% of N 1.7 Lbs. N/cow/yr.

89 Pollution Prevention Eliminate Reduce Recycle

90 Barnyards Purpose? Holding Feeding or water Resting Exercise Heat detection Eliminate!!

91 Barnyard Purpose? Holding Small 15 Square Feet per cow Roof Eliminate!!

92 Barnyard Purpose? Feeding or water 30 Square Feet per Cow 24 hr Access? Feed quality? Decay Ration Eliminate!!

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95 Barnyard Purpose? Resting 50 Square Feet per Cow Cow comfort in the barn? Stalls Floors Ventilation Eliminate!!

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98 Barnyard Purpose? Exercise 2 miles a day? Hoof management Eliminate!!

99 Barnyard Purpose? Heat detection Use Secondary Signs Other methods Eliminate!!

100 Heat Detection Primary Signs Mounting Access Footing Secondary Signs Milk reduction Discharge Behavior Synchronized ovulation OVSYNCH $8/cow

101 Barnyards Eliminate Reduce Relocate

102 Conclusions: Concentrated Sources Need to be Controlled Prevention is Key Look for Low Cost Alternatives to Treatment

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