Natural Gas Facts & Figures. New Approach & Proposal

Transcription

1 Natural Gas Facts & Figures New Approach & Proposal

2 1. Production and reserves Sources : Total G&P, WOC1, IEA, IHS Cera, Resources- Reserves o Conventional o Unconventional : types and reserves Countries, companies Costs of production New techniques and advances (pre-salt, high depth, distant offshore) Environmental issues (as a specific part)

3 Natural Gas reserves: plenty & more to come Proven conventional reserves are growing In addition: Unconventional gas has come within technological & economic reach Conventional Unconventional Coal bed methane Shale gas Tight gas 3 Volume The total long-term recoverable conventional gas resource base is more than 400 tcm, another 400 tcm is estimated for unconventionals: only 66 tcm has already been produced. - IEA-Golden Age of Gas 2011-

4 tcm Conventional Reserves: plenty and more to come Growing proven reserves Europ e Latin America North America Africa Asia-Pacific E. Europe/Eurasia Middle East Global proven gas reserves have more than doubled since 1980, reaching 190 trillion cubic metres (tcm) at the beginning of 2010 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook

5 5 World gas resources by major region (tcm) significant unconventional prospects world-wide Inventorization of unconventional gas is still at an early stage Source: IEA Golden Age of Gas, 2011

6 Proven reserves of Natural Gas by Region Region Proved Reserve Share Middle East % Eurasia % Africa % Asia & Oceania % North America % Central & South America % Europe % World Note (Conversion): 1 trillion cubic feet is equivalent to 0,0283 trillion cubic metre Proven reserves of natural gas by region (Tcf) North America Central & South America Europe Middle East Asia & Oceania Eurasia Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 12/2/2014 6

7 Proven reserves of Natural Gas by Country (Tcf) Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 12/2/2014 7

8 Evolution of proved reserves (Tcf) Shale Gas Revolution Europe Central & South America North America Asia & Oceania Africa Eurasia Middle East 0 12/2/2014 Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 8

9 Proven Reserves of Natural Gas by IOCs (Bcf) Bcf Bcf Bcf Bcf Bcf Bcf Bcf Source: 2012 Annual Reports

10 Production of Natural Gas by Region (Bcf) 2011 COUNTRY Natural gas (Bcf) Share OECD Total % Africa % Asia (excluding China) % China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong) % Non-OECD Americas % Middle East % Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia % OECD Total Africa Asia (excluding China) China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong) Non-OECD Americas Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Source: IEA International Energy Agency 12/2/

11 Production of Natural Gas by Country (Bcf) /2/2014 Source: IEA International Energy Agency 11

12 Production of Natural Gas by Country (Bcf) 2011 Country Production (Bcf) Russian Federation Qatar Islamic Republic of Iran People's Republic of China Indonesia Saudi Arabia Algeria Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Egypt Malaysia United Arab Emirates India Trinidad and Tobago Argentina Nigeria Pakistan Oman Kazakhstan Venezuela Thailand Bangladesh Ukraine Brazil Azerbaijan Bolivia Peru Kuwait Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Colombia Romania Yemen Bahrain Vietnam Libya Syrian Arab Republic Iraq Source: IEA International Energy Agency 12/2/

13 Production of Natural Gas by IOCs (Mmcfd) Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Source: 2012 Annual Reports

14 Production of Natural Gas by NOCs (Mmcfd) Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd Mmcfd 0

15 Oil and Gas fields Worldwide Source: IHS (2014)

16 Oil and Gas fields Middle East Source: IHS (2014)

17 Oil and Gas fields Africa Source: IHS (2014)

18 Oil and Gas fields CIS Source: IHS (2014)

19 Oil and Gas fields Continental Europe Source: IHS (2014)

20 Source: IHS (2014) Oil and Gas fields Far East

21 Oil and Gas fields North Sea Source: IHS (2014)

22 Oil and Gas fields Asia Pacific Source: IHS (2014)

23 Oil and Gas fields Latin America Source: IHS (2014)

24 Oil and Gas fields North America Source: IHS (2014)

25 Unconventional resources

26 26 Types of Unconventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas Coalbed Methane Occurs in tight sandstone Low porosity = Little pore space between the rock grains Low permeability = gas does not move easily through the rock Natural gas trapped between layers of shale Low porosity & ultralow permeability Production via triggered fractures Natural gas in coal (organic material converted to methane) Permeability low Production via natural fractures ( cleats ) in coal Recovery rates low Source: Shell

27 Types of Unconventional Gas Tight Gas : Natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability ( 0.1md) that massive hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce the well at economic rates. The gas is sourced outside the reservoir and migrates into the reservoir over geological time. Shale Gas : Natural gas produced from ultra-low permeability ( md) formations that may also be the source rock for other gas reservoirs. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) : Gas associated and produced from coal beds, its composition is predominately methane, but can also include other constituents, such as ethane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen Gas Hydrates : Also called methane hydrate, methane clathrate, or natural gas hydrate Gas hydrate is an ice-like crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules (usually methane, but also ethane, carbon dioxide, etc.) each surrounded by a cage of water molecules (clathrate).

28 Technically Recoverable Shale Gas Resources by Country (Tcf) China United States Argentina Mexico South Africa Australia Canada Libya Algeria Brazil Poland France Norway Chile India Paraguay Pakistan Bolivia Ukraine Sweden Denmark Uruguay U.K. Colombia Tunisia Netherlands Turkey Venezuela Morocco Germany Western Sahara Lithuania Source: DOE Energy Information Administration 2013

29 Shale gas Resources worldwide Map of basins with assessed shale oil and shale gas formations, as of May 2013

30 North American gas forecast: the growing importance of US Shale Gas Source: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) 30

31 US current and prospective shale plays Source: DOE Energy Information Administration 2013

32 China s Shale Gas and Shale Oil Basins

33 Source: IHS Unconventional Plays - Europe

34 Unconventional Plays L.A. Source: IHS

35 Source: IHS Unconventional Plays South Asia

36 New techniques and developments Brazilian Pre-Salt o Heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, with highly variable petrophysical properties. o Pre-Salt fields mostly located at water depths exceeding 2,000m. o Reservoirs depths at 5,000 to 6,000 meters below sea level. o Natural gas associated with oil, in a gas-oil ratio between 200 and 300 m 3 /m 3 o Variable contents of CO2, ranging from 8 to 12% under an extensive salt layer (up to 2,000 meters in some areas)

37 New technics and developments Arctic Shelf in Russia Special physical hurdles lots of ice, extremely low temperatures, remote locations and long periods of darkness Challenges : o Geographic Location o Deep Water o Large fields o Ultra long distance

38 New techniques and developments Example : Shtokman Location of Shtokman field Shtokman gas and condensate field pre-development scheme

39 Technical challenges Deep gas (below 4500m) and ultra-deep gas (below 7500m) Some examples: o Russia : structure of Achimov of the Urengoy fields o China : Dina2 gas field in the Tarim basin o Azerbaidjan : Shaz Deniz II o Australia : Martell, Noblige and Larsen HP/HT Sour gas (H2S and CO2) Some examples: o US Norphlet play o China Puguang field, with H2S at 15% o Tunisia Hasdrubal plant