Turning waste into a resource REKokkola

Transcription

1 Turning waste into a resource REKokkola Mona Arnold, principal investigator, VTT

2 Big drivers: Demand, supply and policy 2

3 Is there enough for us all? 3

4 Are there enough minerals in the future? Case Copper Lähde: Rio Tinto Lähde US Geological Survey 4

5 EU Critical materials list 5

6 Why critical? EU s import dependency rate ca 92% (2011) High supply risk (production concentrated in three main countries) + High corporate concentration Small number of producer companies with large market share Main producers Main sources of imports China Morocco USA Algeria South Africa Russia Morocco South Africa Substitutability End of life index recycling input rate % 6

7 Price fluctuations Source: infomine 7

8 90 % of most base and special minerals and rubber supply originate from extra European source 8

9 From laboratory to industrial symbiosis 9

10 Metal recovery from electronic waste Mobile phones Au recovery with biosorption Yield 80-90% in one stage Printed circuit boards Dismantling (Manual and mechanical) Au leaching Non-cyanide (Cl-ClO, thiourea) Au recovery by solvent extraction (SX) Yield >90% in one stage gold purification Residual solids to noise walls, gas, etc.. Crushing and Sieving Hydrometallurgy Heavy fraction base metals leaching, Cu primary target (flotation underflow) Flotation (removal of plastics) Metals, Au, REE Cu ~21% Cu recovery (selective precipitation,cementation, electrowinning) Bioleaching Cu leaching (Cu yield >90 %) Ackowledgement John Bacher Froth Plastics and some metals Cu ~7% 10

11 Feed concentration John Bachér: SUM2014 Symposium on Urban Mining May 2014, Bergamo, Italy 11

12 Metal recovery from electronic waste Mobile phones Au recovery with biosorption Yield 80-90% in one stage Dismantling (Manual and mechanical) Au leaching Non-cyanide (Cl-ClO, thiourea) Au recovery by solvent extraction (SX) Yield >90% in one stage gold purification Residual solids to noise walls, gas, etc.. Printed circuit boards Crushing and Sieving Hydrometallurgy Heavy fraction base metals leaching, Cu primary target (flotation underflow) Flotation (removal of plastics) Metals, Au, REE Cu ~21% Cu recovery (selective precipitation,cementation, electrowinning) Froth Plastics and some metals Cu ~7% Bioleaching Cu leaching (Cu yield >90 %) 12

13 Metal recovery from water Filter construction of fungal biomass No chemicals or other material needed Adsorbs metals more efficiently than active coal Treatment of wastewater or polluted drinking water (As) Recovery of valuables (eg gold) 13

14 Laboratoriosta pilotiksi 14

15 Minimising food waste Potato peels peels Carrot rich in starch, protein, fiber and suberin (20-30% of the peel fresh weight) fractionation methods available and probably feasible direct use as food component? rich in soluble sugars, fiber and bioactive compounds fiber product would be easy to produce milled peels fiber-rich raw material for food products (like smoothies) costly investments needed for bioactive compound extraction, competing products already in the markets 2nd class good raw material for classical food processing and fermentation -> logistic challenge! Suberin extraction and utilisation Carrot fermentations with multifunctional starter cultures Smoothie development 15

16 Potato peels: suberin extraction and utilisation Enriching potato peel suberin to investigate its film formation, barrier and antimicrobial properties Peel fractions: Peel fraction Process Starch content (%) Potato peel only milling 43 Washed peel with reduced starch content milling, washing and filtration 37 Suberin-enriched fraction starch gelatinazation at 90ºC and hydrolysis by amylase 0.1 Effect of starch content on the film formation properties of processed potato peel mass Starch films have several commercial applications Starch may reduce the water barrier properties of the film 16

17 Potato peels: fractionation to increase the suberin content Nicola potato peel mass Wet milling Washing off starch Washed peel mass 43% starch 37% starch 0.1% starch Kaisu Honkapää 17

18 Potato peel fractions: film properties Film preparation glycerol addition and processing Analysis grease, oxygen and water vapour permeation Excellent oxygen barrier properties at low relative humidity. Excellent grease barrier Water vapour barrier properties. a challenge for potato films Aknowedgement Kaisu Honkapää 18

19 Pilot plant infrastructure to support the whole development chain Biomass fractionation and pulping Espoo Biomass gasification and pyrolysis Food and brewery Espoo Espoo Fermentation and bioprocessing Roll-to-Roll coating and converting Espoo Espoo Fluidised bed combustion Fibre based web production Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Process chemistry Polymeric materials processing Rajamäki, Espoo, Jyväskylä Tampere 19

20 Scale-up of for new starch modification process, Case Chemigate Oy In 2012 Chemigate Oy started a new production plant for bio-based paper chemicals in Lapua, Finland. VTT was centrally involved in the scale-up through process recipe test runs at Rajamäki pilot plant. Pilot scale development and scale-up: Pilot equipment suitable for scale-up of the dry modification technology to industrial production. Experts for chemistry, piloting and scale-up. Material characterization and testing. Seppo Lamminmäki, the CEO of Chemigate Oy, remarked that co-operation had been excellent, and drew particular attention to VTT s flexibility and the possibility of combining skilled research and scale-up at the pilot plant. 20

21 Is it worth the effort? Our modelling shows that a one percentage point reduction in material use in Europe would be worth up to 23 billion to business and between 100,000 and 200,000 new jobs. Janez Potočnik European Commissioner for Environment 21