Biofilm Reactor Technology and Design

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Biofilm Reactor Technology and Design 1.0 INTRODUCTION: BIOFILMS AND BIOFILM REACTORS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT Biofilm Reactor Compartments Biofilm Processes, Structure, and Function Bulk-Liquid Hydrodynamics Biofilm Development and Detachment BIOFILM REACTOR DESIGN APPROACHES, CONSIDERATIONS Simplified Biofilm Reactor Design Approaches Graphical Procedure Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models Mathematical Biofilm Models for the Practitioner Why Should We Use Biofilm Models as a Design Tool? Diffusion and Reaction in a One-Dimensional Biofilm: First- and Zero-Regions in Biofilm Reactors Identifying the Rate-Limiting Substrate Biofilm Models Used in Engineering Design Limitations of Biofilm Models for the Practitioner Wastewater Characterization MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTORS General Description Plastic Biofilm Carriers Media Retention Sieves Aeration System Mechanical Mixing Devices Process Flow Sheets and Bioreactor Configurations Carbon Oxidation Nitrification Denitrification Phosphorus Limitations (Focus on Denitrification) Design Considerations Preliminary and Primary Treatment 13-66

2 3.3.2 Plastic Biofilm Carrier Media Aeration System Media Retention Sieves Mechanical Mixing Solids Separation BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FILTERS Biologically Activate Filter Configurations Downflow with Sunken Media Upflow with Sunken Media Upflow Biologically Activate Filter with Floating Media Moving Bed, Continuous Backwash Filters Non-Backwashing, Open-Structure Media Filters Media for Use in Biologically Activated Filter Reactors Backwashing and Air Scouring Biologically Activated Filter Process Design Secondary Treatment Nitrification Combined Nitrification and Denitrification Tertiary Denitrification Phosphorus Removal Considerations Facility Design Considerations for Biologically Activated Filter Plants Preliminary and Primary Treatment Backwash Handling Facilities Process Aeration Supplemental Carbon Feed Facilities EXPANDED AND FLUIDIZED BED BIOFILM REACTORS Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor Advantages and Disadvantages Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor Technology Status History Installations Process Design Typical Design Parameters Vertical Flow Velocity Recirculation Flow Distribution Media Biofilm Thickness Control Aeration

3 5.4 Pilot Testing Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor Design Models Design Considerations Nitrification Tertiary Denitrification Design Example for Denitrification Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor Fauna Process Performance Nitrogen Removal Rate Temperature ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS Introduction Carbon Oxidation Monod Kinetic Model Second-Order Model Empirical Model Nitrification Media and Media Support Shaft Covers Biofilm Thickness Control TRICKLING FILTERS General Description Distribution System Biofilm Carriers Containment Structure Underdrain System and Ventilation Trickling Filter Pumping Station Hydraulic and Pollutant Loading Process Flow Sheets and Bioreactor Configuration Process Flow Diagrams Bioreactor Classification Hydraulics Oxygen Requirements and Air Supply Alternatives Natural Draft Forced Ventilation Trickling Filter Design Models National Research Council Formula Galler and Gotaas Formula

4 7.4.3 Kincannon and Stover Model Velz Equation Schulze Formula Germain Formula Eckenfelder Formula Institution of Water and Environmental Management Formula Logan Trickling Filter Model Selecting a Trickling Filter Design Model Combined Carbon Oxidation and Nitrification Nitrifying Trickling Filters Kinetics and Design Procedures Gujer and Boller Model Modified Gujer and Boller Model Albertson and Okey Model Comparisons of NTF Models Temperature Effects Hydraulic Application Design Considerations Distribution System Hydraulic Propelled Distributors Electronic or Mechanically Driven Distributors Other Means for Distributor Speed Control Trickling Filter Pumping Station or Dosing Siphon Construction of Rotary Distributors Filter Media Media Selection Filter Media Depth Structural Integrity Design Examples Example 13.1: Biofilter Design for Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand Limitations Example 13.2: Nitrifying Trickling Filter Design Example 13.3: Organic and Hydraulic Loading Example 13.4: Biofilter Classification and Distributor Adjustment EMERGING BIOFILM REACTORS Membrane Biofilm Reactors Hydrogen-Based Oxygen-Based

5 8.2 Suspended-Biofilm Reactors Reactors Based on Aerobic Granules Anammox Biofilm Reactors Biofilm Airlift Reactors Internal Circulation Reactor REFERENCES