SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BASELINE SURVEY KON TUM

Transcription

1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BASELINE SURVEY KON TUM

2 Disclamer This publication has been issued without formal editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. The views expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. 1

3 ACKOWLEDGEMENTS The study reflected in this report was a collaborative product of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Waste Concern and the Environment and Development Action in the Third World (ENDA). The study was carried out by a team from ENDA, with support from the People s Committee and CITENCO the Urban Environment Company in Kon Tum. Appreciation is extended to the officials in the relevant institutions, namely the Kon Tum Provincial People s Committee, Kon Tum City People s Committee and CITENCO who provided data and other related information, including supporting documents used for analysing and assessing the state of solid waste management in Kon Tum. Great appreciation is also extended to the households, shop owners, waste pickers, junk shop owners, farmers, fertilizer agents and other individuals who provided critical data and information to prepare the baseline study. 2

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7 3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 8 a) Waste collection and transportation 8 b) Waste treatment and disposal including future plans 10 c) Income and expenditure 12 d) Policies and ongoing initiatives ESTIMATION OF WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES AND RECYCLING ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY NEEDS MARKET OF COMPOST AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE CONCLUSIONS 20 3

5 Kon Tum Solid Waste Management Baseline Survey 4

6 1. INTRODUCTION Background The rapid urbanization and economic development in Asia-Pacific has resulted in a corresponding growth in the volume of solid waste generation. Managing solid waste is one of the costliest urban services in developing countries, where local governments spend 20 to 50 per cent of their budget on solid waste management. Despite the high spending on waste management, cities are finding it increasingly difficult to collect, process and dispose solid waste in a cost effective and environmentally friendly manner. The current approach to solid waste management in Asia Pacific focus on end of pipe solutions based on collection and disposal of waste in the landfill, with no attention paid to the 3R (reduce, re-use and recycle) principles of waste management. In addition to facing increasing costs for waste collection and disposal, public health and the environment suffer due to the negative externalities associated with poor waste collection and disposal. In 2009, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific embarked on a regional project Pro poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns" to find an appropriate approach to solid waste management that would transform waste into resources, improve waste collection services and provide better income and working conditions for waste pickers. The overarching objective of the project is to develop and execute solid waste management strategies that are decentralized, pro poor, low carbon and financially viable. The project contributes to this goal by setting up Integrated Resource Recovery Centres (IRRCs) in secondary cities and small towns that are run through a combination of partnerships between the local government, NGO s, cooperatives and small and medium enterprises. VietNam is one of the countries targeted in the project supported by ESCAP. Based on the outcomes of workshops and consultations with civil society groups, local government officials and other relevant stakeholders, Kon Tum was selected for a baseline study, as a first step to developing a pilot IRRC project. The baseline study was conducted by Kon Tum People s Committee and ENDA with support from ESCAP with a view to developing an IRRC in Kon Tum. The study centered on collecting accurate data on solid waste management in Kon Tum. Kon Tum City Geographical features Kon Tum is located inland in the central highlands region of Vietnam. Kon Tum City is the capital of Kon Tum province and is situated at the southern part of the province in a large valley with an even and flat terrain at an average height of meters above sea level. 5

7 Kon Tum Vietnam Kon Tum city has a tropical climate with a yearly average temperature of C and an average rainfall of 1.7 mm. The total area of the city is 432,98 km 2 ( hectare), with hectare used for housing, hectare used for agriculture, hectare used for forestry, hectare used as specialized land and hectare is unused land. Socio economic context According to the Kon Tum City annual statistic report, the population of the city in 2010 was 145,383. The population of major urban wards was 87,248 or 60 % of the overall city population while the sub-urban population was 58,135 or 40% of the total population. The population density and distribution in urban area was of 1,898 persons / km 2 and sub-urban area was of 150 persons / km 2. There are a total of 82 schools in Kon Tum city including kindergardens, primary schools, secondary schools and high schools. In addition, the city has institutes offering higher education in various fields such as Arts, Teacher Training, Technical Sciences, Health and Vocational Training. All 21 wards in Kon Tum have access to broadcasting services including television and radio stations. Daily local TV programs also broadcast in the languages of ethnic minorities living in the province of Kon Tum. The economy of Kon Tum city has maintained a high growth rate with a proportional increase in sectors such as trade, services, industry, and construction marked by a relative decline in agriculture.the growth in the economy has resulted in a per capita income of million vnd per year (i.e. around 790 USD/year). 6

8 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this baseline study, 180 households from three wards (60 households each) were selected, which included Quyet Thang ward, Duy Tan ward and Thang Loi ward. In addition, waste was collected from commercial areas that included the Commercial Centre of Kon Tum city and the Duy Tan market. Waste was collected and analysed over a period of seven consecutive days. The methodology involved: i) surveys; ii) waste generation and composition analysis and iii) interviews with waste pickers, farmers, shop owners, households and staff of the Kon Tum People s Commitee and CITENCO (State owned environment company in charge of solid waste management). Households were randomly selected and semi-structured questionnaires were prepared and tested with respondents from selected households prior to the actual survey. The content included the level of understanding of the current waste management and collection service, preferences for future services and waste disposal practices. A questionnaire survey was also completed by waste pickers and junk shop owners to get more insight on the informal sector activity in waste recycling and among farmers to understand the market opportunity for compost. 7

9 3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CITENCO the state owned Environment Company is in charge of solid waste management in Kon Tum. CITENCO receives its orders from the People s Committee of province and its annual budget is funded by the state. Present solid waste management practices in Kon Tum do not follow segregation of waste based on the 3R principles of reduce, re-use and recycle. CITENCO is responsible for collecting and transporting the waste generated daily to the landfill. The responsibility for managing industrial and bio-medical waste is vested directly on the generators and is treated at source. a) WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION The waste collection and transportation process carried out by CITENCO is illustrated in the following chart: SOLID WASTE Non-hazardous waste Urban areas Sub-urban areas Public bins Collection handcarts Collection handcarts Meeting point Meeting point Compactor trucks Landfill Figure 1: Waste collection and transportation process in Kon Tum The sanitation workers sweep and gather waste into collection hand-carts and bring it to the meeting points. The waste from the collection hand-carts is loaded into trucks with a capacity between 2 to 6.5 tonnes which is then transported to the landfill. Currently street sweepers and waste collectors clean and collect the waste between 6pm amd 11pm with the exception 8

10 of the commercial center and its adjacent roads where waste is collected during day time between 7:30 am and 10: 30 am and between 1:30 pm and 3:30 pm. The following table presents a detailed allocation of the work force in charge of solid waste management in Kon Tum from 2008 to Table 1: Allocation of work force for solid waste management in Kon Tum Workers Administation Sweeping, collection and transportation a) Sweeping and collection b) Driver and assistants c) Field officers Treatment Total Source: CITENCO To facilitate waste collection, CITENCO has installed 365 public bins (including 27 bins with the capacity of 660 liter and 338 bins with the capacity of 240 liter). The provision of bins helps in gathering waste at common points which are collected by the sanitation workers. For transporting the collected waste to the landfill, the city relies on a total of 7 trucks, including compactor vehicles. Each truck carries out 2-3 trips per day, working on an equivalent of 9-12 hours/day. Table 2: Transportation means and petrol consumption in 2010 No: Vehicle type Brand Year Number Carrying Capacity (m 3 ) 1. Non - compactor trucks Petrol litre/day/ truck) Petrol (litre/month/ truck Rhino Mitsubishi Isuzu Nissan Compactor 5. Isuzu Total Source: CITENCO 9

11 Volume and rate of domestic waste collection in the city According to CITENCO, urban areas receive better waste collection services than sub urban areas. The average amount of municipal solid waste collected in urban wards is about 80-95% (about tons/day) and in the whole city is about 60-75% (about tons/day). Table 3: Waste collection volume by years Year Average collection volume Average of percentage collection Daily (ton/day) Yearly (thousand tons/year) (%) ,4 60% ,2 63% ,3 70% Source: CITENCO Out of the total waste collected, an average of 5-7 tons/day originates from the markets which amounts to 7-10 percent of the total waste collected daily. b) WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL All waste generated in the city is transported to one landfill, which is located in the Thanh Trung hamlet, Vinh Quang commune of Kon Tum. The landfill covers an area of 7 hectares and is located 10 km away from the city center. The landfill is situated on a sloping terrain surrounded by hills with an average slope less than The new landfill at Thanh Trung hamlet which is managed and operated by CITENCO has been in use since 2005 and has an estimated lifetime of 11 years. The landfill is designed with the following sanitation standards: Waste dam with the depth of 10 meter to contain the waste. Waste burial container: The landfill is divided into 4 containers to burry waste. The volume of each container is about 55,000 m 3 ; 45,000 m 3 ; 40,000 m 3 and 42,000 m 3 respectively. Between the containters there is a barrel made by sand that can absorb water and the floor and wall of each container is built with thick clay. Each container has a lifetime of about 3 years. Drainage system: There is a drainage system inside the waste container with two pipes at the border between the two containers and another drainage system on the surface of the contrainer with gully-drains around the landfill that collects the waste water from the surface to the lower system. A wastewater treatment system has been designed to treat the leachate generated in the landfill (explained in the following section). In addition to the above features, the landfill site has a washing garage with cement floors to wash trucks, office space to carry out daily managerial tasks, and a garage to park the vehicles. Trees are planted around the landfill to reduce air pollution. 10

12 Process of landfilling and leachate treatment After been taken to the landfill, solid waste is bulldozed and compacted in order to reduce the volume of waste and increase the lifetime of the landfill. During the waste burying process, effective micro-organisms and lime are used to manage and contain vectors. Forty litres of effective micro-organisms are used weekly (average of litre/ton). The leachate from waste water flows through the pipeline into the first sedimentation tank where it is mixed with lime to avoid toxins and the waste water flows through an aeration tank into the second sedimentation tank. On reaching the container, the incoming water is chlorinated and passed into a biological lake. The biological lake contains water hyacinth and fish to inspect the water quality before discharing it to the external environment. Landfill Leachate Regulate and preliminary sedimentation I Sludge Sedimentation tank II Aeration tank Activated sludge Lake biological Environment Figure 3: Leachate treatment in the landfill 11

13 c) INCOME AND EXPENDITURE Income The main source of income for carrying out the activities such as street sweeping, collection, transportation and treatment of waste is derived from collection fees and through the yealy budget from the government. Collection fees Collection fees are levied for the whole city based on the decision no.19/2007/qđ-ubnd dated 20/6/2007 of the Province People s Committee (applied from July 2007 to March 2010) and decision no 08/2010/QĐ-UBND dated 30/3/2010 of the Province PC (applied from April 2010 up to now). The collection fee applied for different target groups in Kon Tum is provided in the following table: Table 4: Collection fee level in Kon Tum province (in vnd) No Target group Units Collection fee amount 1 Individual vnd/person/ month 2 Household vnd/household/ month 3 Small business houshold 4 Schools, companies and offices vnd/household/ month vnd/unit/ month 5 Hotel, shop vnd/shop/hotel/ month 3,000 Restaurant vnd/m3 waste 160,000 6 Factory, hospital, market, train /bus station, vnd/m3 waste 160,000 Details 8,000 Household in small alley 10,000 Household in the street with collection system 40,000 Household without collection system 60,000 with collection system 80,000 Without collection system 100,000 With collection sytem 200,000 7 Business center vnd/m3 waste 90,000 8 Contruction vnd/m3 waste 160,000 Source: CITENCO 12

14 Table 5: Income and expenditure for waste management (in million dong) No Description Year 2009 Percent Year 2010 Percent Estimated for 2011 Estimated percent I Total income II Total expenditure Street sweeping and , , ,17 waste collection 2 Transportation , , ,77 3 Waste treatment 901 4, , ,52 4 Management costs , , ,54 III Subsidized budget (II-I) , , ,78 POLICIES AND ONGOING INITIATIVES Source: CITENCO The Prime Minister issued Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg dated December 17, 2009 approving the national strategy for integrated solid waste management, Vision 2050, which has clearly defined goals for solid waste management in the future. According to the National Strategy for integrated solid waste management, by 2020 more than 90% of the total domestic solid waste generation will be collected and processed in an environmentally sustainable manner. In line with the goals of the National strategy, the Kon Tum Provincial People s Committee has identified key tasks for effective solid waste management based on 3R principles: Propagate and raise public awareness on 3R principles of reduce, re-use and recycle of solid waste in schools, state agencies, communities and business organizations with emphasis on source separation of waste. Strengthen the city s capacity on solid waste collection and transportation by upgrading facilities for waste collection and transportation with focus on investment in sealed compactor trucks to ensure environmental hygiene during transportation. Promote composting models to protect the environment, save resources and decrease the volume of waste disposal. To experiment and replicate solid waste recycle models, and gradually increase the proportion of waste recycled and limit the amount of waste sent to landfill. To formulate the management mechanism on waste collection in order to strengthen management and coordination in city-ward-commune. 13

15 4. ESTIMATION OF WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION To determine the volume and composition of waste generated in the city, 3 wards were selected, namely Quyet Thang, Duy Tan and Thang Loi. Sixty households in each of the three wards were taken as sample for this study. In addition 2 commercial markets and several commercial shops and offices were included in the sample to calculate the volume and composition of waste generated daily. Waste samples were collected and analyzed during a period of 7 days. Image: Collection samples and analysis of data The following tables present the waste generation, density and composition of waste based on the findings and analysis of the data from the field survey. Table 7: Waste generation rates Wards/commune Waste Generation kg/capita/day Domestic waste Non-domestic waste Domestic + Nondomestic Quyet Thang Duy Tan Thang Loi Average Source: Field survey 2011 Based on the survey conducted, the daily waste generation in Kon Tum city is 0.63 kg/capita. 14

16 Waste generation projection based on population growth Having population growth of 1.2 percent per year in the Kon Tum, projected population till 2020 is calculated keeping 2010 as base year, based on data obtained from the statistical yearbook of the city Table 8: Estimation of waste generation upto 2020 Projections Year Population waste (ton/day) , , , , , , ,75 The waste generation volume/day in Kon Tum for the years from 2010 to 2020 is calculated by applying the per capita daily waste generation volume of 0.63 kg. Waste composition To determine the composition of waste, ten samples each were randomly selected and analysed in the three wards in addition to the sample collected from the two markets. Table 10: Waste composition in Kon Tum No Composition Household waste (%) Market waste (%) Nondomestic waste (%) Average (%) 1 Food waste Grass/wood (coconut cover, durian cover, leaves, sugar can dregs) 3 Bone (snail shell) Paper Scraps of fabric Plastic Leather/rubber Metal Glass/ceramic Others (sand, coal residue, napkin, water ) Total (%) Source: Field survey

17 An average of percent of the waste analyzed is organic in nature and can be converted into compost for use in agriculture. Presently there are no efforts or initiatives to recover the organic fraction from the waste stream, as they are disposed at the landfill. The markets are a good source of organic waste as 70 percent of the total waste generated is organic in nature. In addition to the organic waste that can be recovered, 23 percent of the total waste analysed can be recycled, whereas only about percent of waste need to be sent to the landfill for disposal. 5. INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES IN WASTE RECYCLING Informal collection activities In addition to the waste collection carried out by CITENCO, the informal sector (scavengers and waste pickers) recover valuable waste from the municipal solid waste stream. According to the survey conducted, the researchers documented the presence of 60 scavengers, out of which 30 persons work at the dumpsite. 7 junk shops were identified that purchases waste and 16 people were directly involved in scrap trading activities. All kinds of scraps of waste paper, carton, plastic, aluminum cans, scrap metal in the residential areas were purchased by small traders. These traders buy waste from the waste pickers and sell them to the junkshops. The waste pickers do not follow any fixed time schedule for their work, thus carrying out their daily activities in an arbitrary manner. They collect waste daily from dustbins on the roads, at meeting points, market area and commercial centers and at the landfill. 60 percent of the waste pickers interviewed reported that they carry out their collection with help of bicycles, whereas the remaining 40 percent said they carry out their activities by walking. Table 11: The amount of recyclable waste collected per day by the informal sector Recyclable waste (Kg/person/day) Plastic 2.9 Paper 8.2 Aluminum 0.2 Iron 0.6 Total 11.9 Socio economic conditions 80 percent of the waste pickers are female, with an average family size of 5 members. Based on the interviews it was ascertained that most of them have been working in this field for about 5 years, with some working for over 10 years. None of waste pickers interviewd wanted to change profession, as their present activity is considered flexible and can meet their day to day expenses, with an average income recorded between 1.2 to 1.5 million per month. 60 percent of respondent said that they are exposed to health hazards and diseases due to the risks associated in working with waste. In comparison to waste pickers, 80 percent of the junk shop owners are male and most of them have been operating for about 3-7 years, with some individual owners operating for 21 years. 16

18 The following table presents the data relating to the types of waste recovered by the informal sector: Table 12: The volume of recyclable waste from the informal collection activity Type of recyclable waste Volume (kg/day) Percentage (%) Purchase price (vnd/kg) Sell price (vnd/kg) Plastic ,53 5, Paper ,03 2, Aluminum 134 3,17 24, Metal ,27 6, Total ,00 Source: Kon Tum Citenco 6. ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY NEEDS 73 percent of sample respondents said they were satisfied with the existing solid waste management system. Among the respondents who stated their dissatisfaction with the waste management system, the most pertinent problem indicated was the lack of sufficient bins in the neighbourhood to dispose their daily waste, leading to waste accumulating by the roadside. The two main environmental problems due to waste accumulation on the roadside and in drains is: 1) waste blocks the water flow in drains causing overflow of water, and 2) spread of flies and mosquitoes due to waste accumulation on the roadside. Regarding the collection fee, 97 percent of respondents said the fee was acceptable, whereas only 3 percent said it was too high. When asked about the reasons for not paying collection fee, 96 percent of respondents said that there was nobody home when the ward officials came to collect the fee. Only 1.5 percent of respondents said they do not pay as there is no waste collection in their area. 51 percent of respondents are willing to pay a higher fee if the waste collection services are improved. Waste collection assessment and preference 72 per cent of respondents took their waste to the public dustbin daily and 21 percent took it every alternate day and 6 percent in every three days. 75 percent of respondents stored and took their waste to the dustbin in plastic bags and small dustbins. The remaining 25 percent took their waste in a vessel that was being re-used for this purpose. 81 percent of respondents confirmed that CITENCO collects the waste daily from the dustbins. 80 percent respondents preferred daily collection of waste in the evenings. 17

19 Community awareness and willingness to participate 87 percent of respondents are aware that organic waste can be converted into compost which can be used in agriculturebnvbnvbbbvbv. 74 percent of respondents felt that community participation is important for effective solid waste management and 73 percent are willing to participate in source separaton program in order to improve the solid waste management practices in Kon Tum. The willingness to pay for door to door collection of waste was analysed with a view to identifying the amount the beneficiaries are willing to pay for the service. 53 percent of respondents said they would continue paying the present rate of 10,000 dong monthly/household even if door to door waste collection services were offered. Only 20 percent of respondents said they are willing to pay 15,000 dong for door to door waste collection services. 7. MARKET OF COMPOST AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE Questionnaire survey and interviews were carried out among forty farmers and ten fertilizer shops to understand the market for compost and its current and potential use in agriculture. Out of the fertilizer shops interviewed, none of them sold compost through their retail outlets, however they expressed willingness to sell compost if the product is made available. The following table presents the data relating to the products sold and its average sales quantity per shop in Kon Tum. Table 13: Fetilizer sales per shop (average) No: Types of fertilizer Ton/month Price (vnd/kg) Total selling in 2010 (ton/year) 1 Urea Kali Super Phosphate Bio-fertilizer Insecticide 28 bottles/month 6 Lime Phosphate in seed NPK 8, The majority of the farmers interviewed did not know about compost application and have not used it for farming purposes. 50 percent of the farmers interviewed knew that organic waste can be converted into good quality compost which is good for the soil and plant growth, but there is a lack of know how on compost production and compost is unavailable in the market. 18

20 According to the farmers, the reasons for reduced productivity in agriculture over the years can be attributed to the following reasons: Table 14: Reasons for low agriculture productivity in Kon Tum Reasons Answer % Lack of organic matter in soil Loss of nutriens due to intensive cultivation Burned crop loss Soil erosion due to the dam Total To understand the market for compost and fertilizers, the present consumption patterns of fertilizers and the area used for the cultivations of these crops were documented. Table 15: Fertilizer consumption for major agricultural crops in Kon Tum Crops Area (m 2 ) The amount of fertilizer for each crop/area Urea Kali Super phosphat e Insecticid e Biofertilize r Vegetabl e Flower Coffee Sugar cane 0 Rice Rubber tree NP K Compos t Based on the findings and interviews with fertilizer agents and farmers, the amount of compost that can be potentially absorbed for agriculture use in Kon Tum is about 60,000 tons per year. The average selling rate of bio fertilizers through the retail outlets stand at 4.2 million dong per ton. By marketing compost to farmers, agriculture cooperatives, wholesale and retail shops, the gaps in demand and low supply of compost can be bridged, thereby ensuring continuous and consistent sales. 19

21 8. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of the baseline study, it is evident that the current practices of solid waste management in Kon Tum focus on end of pipe solutions where waste is collected and disposed in a landfill. Currently there are no formal arrangements for recycling or for converting waste to resources such as compost or bio gas. The informal sector plays an important role in recovering valuable waste from the mixed municipal solid waste stream. However their activites are carried out in an un-organized way and is not supported by the state, despite the valuable services they offer. Resource recovery initiatives would do well to factor in the services offered by the informal sector and create a win-win situation for all relevant stakeholders. About 63 percent of the total 92 tons of waste generated in Kon Tum can be converted into resources such as compost and biogas and this opportunity underscores the potential for livelihood as well as environmental sustainability. The survery conducted among the households substantiated the willingness of the community to separate waste for resource recovery initiatives. Also, there is a strong possibility for effectively marketing and selling the compost produced, as farmers are eager to try out the product as it helps to replenish the loss of organic matter in the soil. Currently compost is not sold through shops as the product is unavailable in the market, thus leaving a demand supply gap that can be bridged. The favourable policy environment through the national strategy for integrated solid waste management has set the context and goals for 3 R approaches and resource recovery initiatives in Vietnam. Projects that are in line with the goals and target of the national policy and strategies would be endorsed and supported by the state and its relevant departments. 20

22 VietNam April 2011 For more information please contact ESCAP s Sustainable Urban Development Section escap-edd-suds@un.org 21