Managing aquifer recharge a sustainable way for drinking water supply

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1 Managing aquifer recharge a sustainable way for drinking water supply Prof. Dr. U. Tröger TU Berlin Dean of Water Engineering Campus El Gouna - Egypt Chair of Hydrogeology - Berlin

2 Rainwater harvesting (Gaza strip) a failed EU project

3 Flooding during long extended rainfall

4 32 million cubicmeter are lost in a small catchment during March 8th 2014 in El Gouna Red Sea

5 Infiltration wells

6 Collection-, sedimentationtank and recharge wells

7 Flood controll A combination of surface and subsurface dams small and big obstacles clay traps etc.

8 Why rainwater harvesting? Rainwater has a good quality Rainwater is low mineralized Infiltrated or injected rainwater can dilute the reused higher mineralized treated sewage

9 Managing Aquifer Recharge MAR has to follow a target (economy!) MAR can be executed for different purposes 1. To have groundwater available during dry periods 2. To store water during wet years for years with less precipitation 3. To manage quality (dilution and sea water intrusion) 4. To manage sea water intrusion 5. Intelligent reuse of treated sewage

10 Recharge and pumping (recovery) MAR Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) ASR involves injection of water into a well for storage, and recovery from the same well. The aquifer may be confined or unconfined. Examples are found mainly in Australia as in Salisbury, and the suburbs of Adelaide (treated sewage). Aquifer storage, transport, and recovery (ASTR) ASTR involves injection of water into a well for storage, and recovery from a different well, generaly to provide addional water treatment. An exaple is at the Erftverband, North Rhine Westfalia, West Germany.

11 Artificial recharge and recovery

12 Zoning around the recharge area

13 Pollution risk Primary, secondary, tertiary treated

14 First field tests Treated sewage is tested on an artificial trench Horizontal drains enable the option of sampling the percolating water in different depth

15 Sewage water quality

16 Pollution of groundwater with sewage The range of potential groundwater pollutants in wastewater includes pathogenic microorganisms, excess of nutrients and dissolved organic carbons, an where significant industrial effluent is present, toxic heavy metals and organic compounds. the pollution vulnerability of the aquifer the pollution of natural groundwater and thus its potential use the origin of sewage effluent and thus likelihood of persistent contaminants the quality of wastewater, and its level of treament and dilution the scale of wastewater infiltrion compared to that of the aquifer throughflow the mode of wastewater handling and land application.

17 Irrigation Surface Systems Surface systems have an efficiency rate of 45 to 60 percent, although wellplanned surface methods may perform at a 70 to 85 percent efficiency rate, according to the Washington State University Extension. Subirrigation Subirrigation systems, also known as zero-runoff systems, water the root zone from below and are commonly used in container planting. Instead of seeping into the soil and down into the root zone, the water is absorbed upwards from beneath the plant root zone.

18 Organic compounds in sewage effluent

19 Underground infiltration

20 Infiltration methods

21 Trench infiltration

22 Infiltration in trenches

23 Infiltration in trenches The drainage hose is used for a better distribution of infiltration

24 Dug well infiltration

25 Treated sewage water used for MAR in Australia

26 Artificial groundwater recharge to control salinity Cl - g/ L High chloride content can be be diluted with artificial recharge. Even treated sewage may be used if the mineralization is very high

27 MAR for controlling contaminant flow

28 Defense of seawater intrusion Treated sewage Q Seawater Treated sewage is injected in a well far enough to be free of bacteria when reaching the fresh water well. The gradient in direction to the sea defense the sea water intrusion

29 Cultivated area partly with sewage From 1923 (Gabal el Aswar) and 1932 (Abu Rawash) flood irrigation was used Abu Rawash this was changed to furrow irrigation

30

31 Construction of sewage farms

32 Treatment plant, constructed wetland, and waste deposit

33 Jet irrigation in Braunschweig

34 Braunschweig treated effluent COD BOD

35 Problems Treated water in drinkinking water out? Clogging effects Change in chemistry due to: ion exchange adsorbtion and advection new minerals clay expansion

36 Thank you for your attention

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