ME 217: Energy, Environment & Society Fall Energy efficiency. Mechanical Engineering ME217 Energy, Environment & Society

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1 ME 217: Energy, Environment & Society Fall 2015 Energy efficiency ME217 Energy, Environment & Society

2 Why efficiency? Every technology used to generate energy has unwanted consequences: Fossils: GHGs, pollution Wind: landscape degradation, bird deaths, noise Solar: visual impact, land use, toxic by-products Nuclear: safety concerns, waste disposal Energy efficiency has minimal negative consequences, so it deserves major consideration and should be at the frontline of energy policy ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 2/32

3 Potential magnitude of efficiency source: Tackling Climate Change in the U.S. - ASES (C. F. Kutscher, Ed.) Jan 2007 ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 3/32

4 How to promote efficiency? Global agreements & policies e.g. Sustainable Energy for All, the initiative launched by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and co-led by World Bank President Jim Kim, has a goal for 2030 of doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency globally National standards e.g. DOE-set minimum energy efficiency standards for approximately 50 categories of appliances and equipment used in homes, businesses, and other applications Community efforts e.g. Vermont municipal zoning bylaws Individual action Choice of transportation, habits, diet, choice of products ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 4/32

5 Drivers for national energy policy National energy needs Availability of resources Possibility of energy self-sufficiency Environmental consequences of energy use Promotion of energy-efficient products Promotion of energy conservation measures Interactions wits states and municipalities Mechanisms to implement policy, e.g. incentives ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 5/32

6 Conservation efforts in the U.S. DOE 1987 National Appliance Conservation Act Subsidies offered by public utilities for efficiency improvements Requirements for existing and new commercial buildings, e.g. ZNEB for federal buildings by 2030 More energy-efficient technologies used by industry, but also major outsourcing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for automotive industry Incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 6/32

7 Conservation efforts in Canada Heating and transportation are substantial energy users in Canada Free energy efficiency upgrades, such as blown-in insulation Free CFLs, free removal of old appliances, rebates Rebates for Energy Star windows Rebates for residential renewables Rebates for new construction that meets high efficiency standards ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 7/32

8 Conservation efforts in India expanding energy deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy Energy Conservation Act 2001: large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms new buildings to follow the Energy Conservation Building Code appliances to meet energy performance standards and to display energy consumption labels Prakash Path urging people to use LED lamps in place of other lamps ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 8/32

9 How to track performance ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 9/32

10 Conservation efforts in the E.U Energy Efficiency Directive: binding measures to help the EU reach its 20% energy efficiency target by 2020 Retail energy sales companies to achieve 1.5% energy savings per year through energy efficiency measures the public sector in EU countries should purchase energy efficient buildings, products and services empowering energy consumers to better manage consumption every year, EU governments will carry out energy efficient renovations on at least 3% of the buildings they own and occupy ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 10/32

11 Conservation efforts in China The Chinese government places energy conservation at the highest priority Strengthening energy conservation in industry (about 70 percent of China's total) Promoting building energy conservation Intensify efforts in energy-saving education and publicity Give priority to public transport, actively develop intercity rail transportation, and rationally encourages green commuting ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 11/32

12 Technologies for efficiency Cogeneration Smart grid LEDs and CFLs Home heating and cooling Building-related measures Personal transportation technologies ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 12/32

13 The co-generation principle ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 13/32

14 The tri-generation principle ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 14/32

15 campus-scale cogen ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 15/32

16 City-scale cogen Avedøre Power Station 793 MW of electricity and 918 MW of heat Provides heat to 215,000 houses in the Copenhagen area By 2016, entirely fueled by biomass (conversion cost $104M) ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 16/32

17 Smart Grid Can improve efficiency by encouraging the use of more efficient power (e.g running certain appliances off-peak) Requires advanced metering infrastructure Must be used in conjunction with flexible tariffs to provide customer incentives to modify behavior Could save U.S. approximately $100B over the next 20 years Short payback period Public concerns over privacy and loss of control ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 17/32

18 Lighting technology ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 18/32

19 LED emission principle Three-color LED blue LED with phosphor coating ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 19/32

20 Lighting costs ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 20/32

21 LED street lighting View of LA in 2002, before the LED streetlight retrofit View of LA in 2012, before the LED streetlight retrofit ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 21/32

22 LED economics ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 22/32

23 Home heating: condensing furnace ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 23/32

24 Home heating: air source heat pump ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 24/32

25 Efficiency vs. temperature ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 25/32

26 Heat pump vs. furnace ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 26/32

27 Ground source heat pump ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 27/32

28 Energy losses in a house ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 28/32

29 Energy losses in a car - city ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 29/32

30 Energy losses in a car - highway ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 30/32

31 Fleet efficiency - US ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 31/32

32 Fleet efficiency - world ME217 Energy, Environment & Society energy efficiency 32/32

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