Biology/Honors Biology Fall Benchmark #2 Review Guide

Transcription

1 Biology/Honors Biology Fall Benchmark #2 Review Guide Name CH 1: Science of Biology 1. Fill in the following table with parts of the scientific process. 2. What is the difference between an observation and an Inference? Observations is based on what you actually see, smell, etc. An inference is a guess based on your prior knowledge. Ex) You walk out the door in the morning and observe that the grass is wet. You make the inference that it must have rained. 3. List 8 characteristics of life a. All living things reproduce b. All living things are based on a universal genetic code c. All living things respond to stimuli d. All living things evolve and adapt (Populations) e. All living things grow and develop f. All living things obtain and use energy g. All living things are composed of cells h. All living things maintain a stable internal environment Step in the Scientific process Observation Hypothesis Collect information Run an Experiment Conclusion Description/Definition Using the 5 senses to gain information about the world around you Educated Guess, Possible solution to a problem Do research about your topic Testing the hypothesis A proposed explanation of the results 4. Place the following list of events in the correct order (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) _2_ form a hypothesis _4_ record and analyze results _5_ draw conclusions _1_ask a question _3_set up a controlled experiment 5. Using the following scenario: Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each group was given the same problems. One group used calculators and the other group worked without calculators. a. Identify the responding variable _ Also called the dependent variable, time to complete work b. Identify the manipulated variable Also called the independent variable, if they had a calculator or not c. Identify the control group Control group has not calculator

2 6. Create a graph from the following information. Include labels, increments, and a title. The following data was recorded during an experiment with a gas sample. Temperature (K) Volume (m 3 ) Fill in the following diagram with the correct level: Biosphere, species, community, Ecosystem, population, biome Inside to Outside Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, and Biosphere 7. Which has a greater value 10,000 cm or 1 km? 1 km is equal to 100,000 cm, so 1 km is larger then 10,000 cm 8. How many kgs is in a 5 lb bag of sugar? (1 kg = 2.2 lbs) = 2.27 kg CH 3 - The Biosphere 1. Label the organism in the food web as a producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore. C, C C, C C, C C, C C, O C, O C, C C, H C, H C, H Decomposer P P P

3 2. Using the energy pyramid describe the energy transfer between trophic levels. If a toxic pesticide was used explain what would happen to this food chain. (How is energy used? What percentage is transferred? Etc) Only 10% of the available energy is transferred from one trophic level to another When a toxin enters the food chain it is transferred up the food chain and its concentration increases Biomagnification is the process in which concentrations of harmful (toxic) substances increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain and in a food web. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called biomass. A Number Pyramid is an ecological pyramid based on the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level. Explain why a food web is a more accurate model than a food chain when describing the transfer of energy. A food web is more accurate because it shows multiple feeding interactions instead of only one feeding relationship. Very few organisms eat only one food source. 3. What organism is responsible for fixing the nitrogen in the atmosphere? bacteria Nitrogen fixation_ is the process used by bacteria to convert N2 gas in the atmosphere into a usable form such as ammonia. Denitrification is the process used by different bacteria to return nitrogen back to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is taken up by plants during _photosynthesis, while carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by plants and animals during cellular respiration Burning of Wood and Fossil Fuels are human activities that directly release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Unlike carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere. Instead, this element remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals. This element is also found in ocean sediments.

4 4. Describe the water cycle diagram with the correct terms: evaporation, condensation, transpiration, and precipitation Transpiration is the process by which water enters the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves. 5. Identify the following as an autotroph (A) or a heterotroph (H) a. Daisy _A_ b. Rabbit _H_ c. Moss _A_ d. crocodile H e. bread mold _H_ f. tapeworm _H_ CH 4: Ecosystems and communities 1. What is the greenhouse effect? What gases contribute to the greenhouse effect? The greenhouse effect is meant to keep the Earth warm, which is a good thing. It uses gases such as CO 2. Automobile emissions and burning of wood and fossil fuels (oil and coal) have contributed too much CO 2 making the Earth too warm. 2. What is succession? A predictable change in an ecosystem after a major disturbance. Volcanic Eruptions (Primary) and Forest Fire (Secondary) Formation of an Island_ and _Melting of Glaciers are examples of primary succession. (Leave only Rock) Clearcutting of forests and Abandoned Farm Fields are examples of secondary succession. (Leave Soil) What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? Give an example of each. Primary begins with no soil (ONLY ROCK) and requires a pioneer species such as lichen to break down the rock into soil. Secondary succession begins with existing soil, which contains biotic factors in it and it will happen quicker then primary. (Neither is a fast process) A forest fire has just destroyed part of Yellowstone National Park. Put the following plants in order of their appearance as the forest begins to re-grow: trees, grasses, moss, lichens, shrubs Lichen (For primary not this secondary example), Moss, grasses, shrubs, pine trees, and last is oak trees. (Climax Community is the final resting stage with all these examples living together) 3. Identify if the factor is biotic (B) or abiotic (A) a. CO 2 _A_ b. Iron _A_ c. grass _B_ d. lichen B e. soil A f. water _A_

5 4. Identify the correct biome. a. Common consumers are antelopes, rabbits, squirrels, and gophers. deciduous forest b. It is covered with coniferous trees such as pine and spruce. _Taiga c. It has permafrost in the ground and a very short growing season Tundra d. It has a constant temperature and heavy rainfall. Tropical Rainforest e. Its main producers are lichens, mosses, grasses, and a few small trees. _Taiga/Tundra f. This area is composed largely of deciduous trees with a large canopy. Tropical Rainforest 5. Identify the following as mutualism, parasitism, commensalism or predation a. A flea feeds on mouse blood. Parasitism b. Remoras attach themselves to a shark s body. They then travel with the shark and feed on the left over food scraps from the shark s meat. Commensalism c. The stork uses its saw-like bill to cut up the dead animals it eats. As a result, the dead animal carcass is accessible to some bees for food and egg laying. Commensalism d. Wrasse fish feed on the parasites found on the black sea bass s body. _Mutualism e. A cheetah stalks, kills and eats a gazelle. _Predation 6. A _habitat_ is a physical place where an organism lives, while a _niche describes that particular organism's physical and biological role in the ecosystem. CH 5: Populations 1. Identify the four factors that affect population growth a. birth rate b. death rate c. _immigration d. emigration 2. What factors allow a population to grow exponentially? You must have unlimited resources to have exponential growth Draw a graph of a population that is growing exponentially. 3. What is carrying capacity? The amount of organisms an environment can maintain Draw a logistic growth graph.

6 4. What is a limiting factor? A factor or variable which slows population growth, causing logistic growth patterns. 5. If the number of deaths is greater than the number of births, what will happen to the population size? When there are more deaths then births then the population will get smaller, or decrease in size_ 6. What are some examples of density-dependent factors? Food, Mates, Competition, Disease 7. What are some examples of density-independent factors? Natural Disasters, Human Actions, Unusual Weather CH 6: Human Impact 1. What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource? Give an example of each. Renewable resources can be replaced in a shorter period of time. Ex) Wood because trees can be cut down, replaced, and growth to a mature size in your lifetime. Nonrenewable resources take so long to replace that if overused can run out. Ex) Coal and Oil 2. What effects does deforestation have on the ecosystem? Deforestation eliminates a habitat for many organisms and drastically decreases the biodiversity in the area. 3. Explain biodiversity. The number of different species in an area. Ex) 46 Pine Trees is a large number of trees, but all the same kind. 3 Pine Trees, 3 Maple Trees, and 3 Dogwood Trees is less trees, but 3 types instead of one so it is more biodiverse cats and 4 birds v. 12 birds which population has the most biodiversity? 4 cats and 4 birds 5. How are human affecting biodiversity? Humans are decreasing biodiversity by destroying habitats 6. What is depleting the ozone layer? Humans and the use of CFC s 7. Is the greenhouse effect good or bad? Why? The greenhouse effect is good, because it keeps the Earth warm enough to maintain life. However human actions release too many greenhouse gases and so the earth is too warm. 8. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature on Earth. Evidence supports that this increase in temperature is due to human activities, such as adding carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. 9. The Greenhouse effect is the normal warming effect produced when gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in Earth's atmosphere. CH 2: Water/MacromoleculesChemistry of Life 1. Atom are the basic units of matter. 2. Compounds that transfer electrons have ionic bonds. 3. Why are water molecules polar? The water molecule has a positive (hydrogen end) and negative (oxygen end) end. 4. Water molecules are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. 5. cohesion (surface tension) is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. adhesion (water on glass) is an attraction between molecules of different substances. 6. A mixture is composed of two or more elements physically combined but not chemically combined. There are two types: 1) solution contain a solute such as salt that is dissolved in a solvent such as water. 2) suspension are mixtures of water and non-dissolved material (water and oil).

7 7. The ph scale measures the concentration of _Hydrogen (H+)_ ions in a solution. If there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide, the solution is acidic. If there are more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, the solution is basic (base). 8. The process of polymerization occurs when small units called monomers are joined together to make a polymer. The monomers may be the same or different. 9. The four groups of macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid_. 10. Carbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and _Oxygen_ in a 1:2:1 ratio. Living things use carbohydrates for quick energy and for structural purposes. A single sugar called a monosaccharide is made of one sugar molecule. Examples of a single sugar are glucose and fructose. Large sugars called starch_ are made of many small sugars joined together. _Glycogen is a large sugar in animals that is sometimes called animal starch. Cellulose is a large sugar found in plant cell walls that make them rigid. 11. Lipids are also known as _oils, _fats_ and _waxes. They are not soluble in water. They are used to store energy and form biological cell membranes (phospholipid). Monomers of lipids are called: Glycerol and three fatty acids (E) 12. Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acids. They have three parts: _Phosphate Group, _5 Carbon Sugar, and Nitrogen Base. The job of nucleic acids is to stores and transfers genetic information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA 13. Amino Acid are monomers of protein. There are _20_ different kinds of amino acids and most of them end in -ase. They are identical except for the R group. Proteins have three jobs: builds the structure of the organism, Speed up chemical reactions and Fight disease and infection 14. Chemical _reaction_ change one set of chemicals into another. The reactants are chemicals that enter a reaction and the products are what are produced. (RIP Turning Reactants Into Products) Reactants Products 15. Enzymes are proteins that act as a _catalyst_to speed up a reaction and reduce the amount of activation energy needed to complete the reaction. Substrates are the reactants in the reaction that bind to the active site on the enzyme where they are catalyzed. The substrate and active site fit together like a Lock and Key.

8 A = Reactant B= Active Site C= Enzyme D = Product