Nitrogen & Bacteria. A biological journey through the environment
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1 Nitrogen & Bacteria A biological journey through the environment
2 Sources of Nitrogen to the Environment Agricultural Natural Industrial Transportation
3 Nitrogen as a pollutant Too much Nitrogen can cause ecological and human health problems. Eutrophication of ground waters leads to death of fish & other water life. Excessive algae growth consumes all available oxygen. Nitrite (NO 2) in drinking water poses a health risk to infants. When there is excess nitrite, red blood cells have a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
4 Nitrogen in the Atmosphere NH 4+, NO x - Nitrogen is not very stable in crystals (rocks), but is very stable in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% everything else. The first step in Nitrogen transformation occurs in the soil.
5 A cycle that includes all living things Nitrogen as N 2 N 2 Amino acids, Organic-N NH 4+ NO x - NH 4+, NO x -
6 N: An essential element for life on earth Nitrogen is critical for the formation of cells and the biological activity in all living things microbes, plants & animals It is part of Amino acids the building blocks of life. Proteins the workhorse of cells, such as Globular proteins, such as enzymes that trigger activity Fibrous proteins, which provide structure Membrane proteins, which
7 Where does N transformation start? N 2 Microorganisms in the soil use nitrogen to create energy to grow and reproduce and they make it available to others. At the same time, other microbes are taking the end products and turning them into Nitrogen gas. N 2 NH 4+ NO x - NH 4+, NO x -
8 Bacteria use Nitrogen as a source of energy and as an essential element for growth Examples: Fixation of Nitrogen for cell growth: N2 + Energy Ammonium (NH4+) Amino acids Proteins Dissimilation of Nitrogen for energy: Nitrate (NO 3- ) + Organic matter Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) + CO 2 + Energy!
9 Respiration, Dissimilation, Assimilation NO 3 - Nitrification NO Denitrification NO 2 - Nitrification Denitrification N 2 O Dissimilation, Assimilation NH 2 OH Denitrification N 2 Nitrification Fixation NH 4 + Ammonification Organic nitrogen
10
11 Soil formation Soil is formed slowly as rock breaks into tiny pieces near the Earth's surface. Organic matter decays and mixes with the broken rock to form soil. Microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, help break down the organic matter.
12 What makes up soil? Organic Material 5% Water 25% Minerals 45% Air 25%
13 Bacteria create microcolonies within the soil
14 What are bacteria? A simple design that comes in lots of shapes and sizes. Single-cell organisms Nucleoid instead of nucleus Ribosomes where proteins are made Cell wall
15 Bacteria are small Small
16 What do bacteria need to survive? Carbon Organic matter CO 2 Water Vitamins & Minerals Energy source
17 All of this can be found in soil. In the ground, soil bacteria have everything they need. They can be found almost every environment, because they will eat just about anything. Bacteria have unique metabolic capabilities that allow them to utilize inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, iron, sulfur and hydrogen for energy and growth.
18 The bulk of microbial activity will occur in the upper levels of the soil.
19 What role do bacteria play in soils? Cycle elements between ecosystems. Breakdown dead organic matter, which adds nutrients to the soil. Restore oxygen to the atmosphere. Fix nitrogen (N 2 NH 4+ ) that other organisms can use to make proteins. Return the nitrogen to the atmosphere. All life on Earth depends on bacteria.
20 Some critical roles that bacteria play in the Nitrogen cycle Fixation of N 2 to NH 4+ for plants Nitrogen fixing plants are actually bacterial colonies located on the roots. Remediation of soils contaminated with too much Nitrate/Nitrite NO 3- N 2 gas back to atmosphere
21 Some Elemental Cycles dependent on bacterial activity Carbon Cycle Organic carbon CO 2 Iron Cycle Fe(III) Fe(II) Fe(III) Sulfur Cycle SO 4-2 H 2 S S 0 SO 4-2
22 Reasons to love bacteria Food production Medicine Energy: Methane & Ethanol
23 Reasons to love soil bacteria Bioremediation of polluted soils Release of nutrients to food crops
24 This presentation brought to you by National Science Foundation Indiana University - Bloomington University of Wisconsin - Madison Fulbright Academy of Science & Technology
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