SHELLFISH RESTORATION PROJECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS: OBSERVATIONS OF A CHANGING LANDSCAPE

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1 SHELLFISH RESTORATION PROJECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS: OBSERVATIONS OF A CHANGING LANDSCAPE SANDRA MACFARLANE SPECIALISTS

2 WHAT DOE IT TAKE TO BE SUCCESSFUL? BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS FOOD AVAILABILITY SUBSTRATE WATER QUALITY PREDATOR CONTROL

3 ADDITIONAL FACTORS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND SOCIAL CONTEXT POLITICAL REALITIES ECONOMIC FACTORS

4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5 NORTHEAST U.S.

6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND DR. DAVID BELDING, PIONEER DETERMINING LIFE HISTORIES EARLY HATCHERY TECHNIQUES GROW-OUT TECHNIQUES FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

7 Cape Cod, MASSACHUSETTS ORLEANS

8 ORLEANS AND ITS ESTUARIES WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR RESTORATION? APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT

9 ORLEANS AND ITS ESTUARIES SOCIAL: TOURIST DESTINATION AND RETIREMENT COMMUNITY POLITICAL: TOWN- MANAGED SHELLFISH RESOURCES ECONOMIC: PROPERTY TAX FROM YEAR- ROUND RESIDENTS AND SEASONAL OWNERS.

10 Metric Tons Massachusetts Connecticut WHY THE INTEREST IN SHELLFISH RESTORATION? Commercial Bay Scallop Landings Rhode Island New York Year DECLINING STOCKS FOR WILD HARVEST HIGHER PRICES IN MARKETPLACE LOSS OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES INCREASED INTEREST IN AQUACULTURE

11 MUNICIPAL SHELLFISH FACILITIES

12 HATCHERIES AND UPWELLERS

13 HATCHERIES AND UPWELLERS

14 D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut ho riz at io n IMPROVING BARREN AREAS

15 IMPROVING BARREN AREAS

16 LICENSING COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE

17 ho riz at io n NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR RESTORATION D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut SOCIAL CLIMATE

18 at io n NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR RESTORATION D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut ho riz SOCIAL CLIMATE

19 PRESERVING TRADITION

20 AQUACULTURE METHODS BOTTOM RACKS/CAGES LONGLINE OFF-BOTTOM

21 AQUACULTURE METHODS BOTTOM LONGLINE RACKS/CAGES OFF-BOTTOM

22 COMMUNITY MUST DECIDE IF COMMERCIAL SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE IS IMPORTANT

23 POLITICAL CLIMATE WILLINGNESS FROM LEADERS TO SUPPORT RESTORATION EFFORTS

24 D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut ho riz at io n ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFIT FROM BOTH COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL FISHERMEN

25 ECONOMIC CLIMATE D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut ho riz at io n WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR RESTORATION PROJECTS

26 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES CONSIDERATION OF THE SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICS OF RESTORATION

27 What are threats to restoration efforts? COASTAL RESOURCE SPECIALISTS

28 COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

29 EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OBVIOUS POLLUTION SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY LESS OBVIOUS HABITAT CHANGE WATER QUALITY CHANGE COASTAL ENGINEERED STRUCTURES

30 at io n HABITAT CHANGE ra ut ho ut ta ou ith w e in at se m is td no o D PROP-DREDGING FROM MOTOR BOATS IN SHALLOW WATER ho riz EELGRASS OR SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION

31 HABITAT CHANGE NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT OR EUTROPHICATION MACROPHYTE MATS: SIGN OF AN UNHEALTHY ESTUARY CUMULATIVE EFECTS

32 HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING OR RED TIDE BLOOM, 2005 HABITAT CHANGE

33 HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING OR RED TIDE BLOOM, 2005 HABITAT CHANGE

34 BARRIER BEACHES PRIME OCEAN-FRONT AND BAY-FRONT REAL ESTATE

35 BARRIER BEACHES NATURAL PROTECTIVE BARRIERS FOR ESTUARIES

36 NORMAL BARRIER BEACH DYNAMICS

37 WETLAND MANIPULATION DREDGE AND FILL PROJECTS

38 IS THE COMMUNITY/REGION WILLING TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENT? NUTRIENT LOADING STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE POPULATION INCREASE

39 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IS THERE A PLAN TO ADDRESS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES?

40 ho riz at io n COASTAL PLANNING D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut IS THERE A COASTAL PLANNING GROUP? COORDINATED EFFORTS AMONG JURISDICTIONS SHARING BAY? COOPERATION AMONG ABOVE GROUPS?

41 EUTROPHICATION OR NUTRIENT LOADING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS MONITORING PROGEAMS INCLUDING CITIZEN VOLUNTEERS DEMONSTRATING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS IS THERE A PROGRAM IS REDUCE NUTRIENTS?

42 CLEAN-UP PROGRAMS LOCAL/REGIONAL PROGRAMS U.S. CLEAN-UP PROGRAM: NATIONAL ESTUARIES PROGRAM EPA CLEAN-UP SITE NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES

43 WATERSHED DELINEATIONS GROUNDWATER PROVIDES A SIGNIFICANT SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS TO THE ESTUARY WHEN FRESH WATER INPUT IS FROM GROUNDWATER RATHER THAN RIVERS

44 TOOLS: THERMAL IMAGERY: COLD FRESH WATER FLOWS ON TOP OF WARMER, DENSER SALT WATER OTHER TOOLS: REMOTE SENSING GIS MAPPING

45 STORMWATER CONDUITS

46 STORMWATER CONDUITS

47 ho riz at io n PUBLIC POLICY D o no td is se m in at e w ith ou ta ut ho ra ut HIGH COST TO FIX PROBLEMS TO PROMOTE SHELLFISH

48 CAN SHELLFISH RESTORATION PROGRAMS TURN THE TIDE? FILTERING CAPACITY OF SHELLFISH

49 WHISTLING IN THE WIND OR MAKING HEADWAY?

50 SHELLFISH BIOLOGY, HISTORY, SOCIOLOGY, POLITICS AND ECONOMICS ARE ALL NECESSARY FOR SUCCESS

51

52 CAPE COD AS A PLAYGROUND

53 CAPE COD AS A PLAYGROUND

54 MY SINCERE THANKS TO PHILIPPE SOUDANT AND THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE OF ICSR 05 FOR INVITING ME TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CONFERENCE

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