GASIFICATION: gas cleaning and gas conditioning

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1 GASIFICATION: gas cleaning and gas conditioning A. van der Drift November 2013 ECN-L

2 GASIFICATION: gas cleaning and gas conditioning Bram van der Drift SUPERGEN Bioenergy Hub Newcastle, UK 23 October

3 CONTENT Gas composition Tar cleaning SNG system

4 MILENA technology second generation gasification

5 MILENA technology second generation gasification Two coupled fluidized bed reactors Gasification (pyrolysis) in a fast fluidization reactor (~7 m/s) at C Combustion in a bubbling fluidization reactor (~1 m/s) ~ 40 kg bed material recycle / kg biomass feed, this results in C temperature difference between reactors Bed material (~300 μm): generally silica or olivine, but can be anything hard enough to withstand fluidized bed conditions, plus additives for e.g. S-capture, K-capture,

6 GAS COMPOSITION

7 GAS COMPOSITION thermodynamics are worthless <1000 C Case: wood 25% moisture at 800 C

8 GAS COMPOSITION (MILENA) in energy%: mostly hydrocarbons

9 USING THE METHANE instant methane for high efficiency efficiency 70% 60% 50% 70% 64% 53% Entrained Flow CFB MILENA Meijden, C.M. van der; Veringa, H.J.; Rabou, L.P.L.M.; Biomass & Bioenergy (Elsevier), 2009.

10 ECONOMY What we did: List large-scale references CtL, GtL, CtM, CtSNG, IGCC Recalculate capex to 1 GW fuel-input Recalculate to 2013-$ Translate to Biomass-to-SNG plant by comparing main units and quantify differences Result: 1400 $/kw fuel input After learning (>10 GW cumulative capacity): 1000 $/kw fuel input Translating to 15 $/GJ (biosng) production costs Too high or low enough? Comparing to Natural gas prices of 0.2 $/GJ in Qatar, 3 $/GJ in US, 6 $/GJ in EU, 12 $/GJ in China, 15 $/GJ in Japan and Korea Comparing to 25 $/GJ for other biofuels when used as CNG

11 THE VALUE OF THE COMPONENTS enough to pay the biomass back 6 5 Gas components income [$/GJ_biomass], low-price scenario Gas components income [$/GJ_biomass], high-price scenario [$/GJ_biomass]

12 CO-PRODUCTION OPTIONS SNG base-case 100% gasifier SNG SNG 71%

13 CO-PRODUCTION OPTIONS BTX co-production 100% gasifier C6 removal SNG BTX 8% SNG 64%

14 CO-PRODUCTION OPTIONS BTX and ethylene co-production 100% gasifier C6 removal C2 removal SNG BTX 8% Ethylene 15% SNG 51%

15 CO-PRODUCTION OPTIONS SNG is what is left 100% gasifier C6 removal C2 removal synthesis SNG BTX 8% Ethylene Methanol 15% SNG 27% 25%

16 TAR REMOVAL

17 THE OPTIONS Prevent tars to form Help thermodynamics Washing system High temperature processes Multi-stage gasification (usually: hightemperature zone with char filter) Create reactivity (e.g. plasma) Condensation, solving and adsorption Catalytic reactor Temperature gasifier = temperature catalytic reformer Tars converted into syngas Partly destroys desired hydrocarbons (e.g. methane) Sensitive for particles, sulphur,

18 OLGA TECHNOLOGY the ECN tar removal solution Complete tar removal Complete particles removal No methane removal Tar recycle tar free gas collector absorber regeneration raw gas tar tar

19 SNG SYSTEM

20 SNG Synthetic Natural Gas For power production For (high-t) heat production For chemistry For transport With existing infra With storage With quality control With secure supply

21 BioSNG INITIATIVES different countries having different reasons UK Netherlands Switzerland Sweden Austria natural gas consumption [PJ/y] natural gas as fraction of primary energy consumption [%] natural gas grid length [m/person] natural gas import dependency: (import-export) / consumption biomass availability [% of primary energy consumption, 2020] % 44% 10% 3% 22% % 0% 100% 100% 75% 5% 5% 10% 20-25% 20% IEA/Bioenergy Conference, November 2012

22 SNG SYSTEM background Assumptions: Fluidized bed gasification Required: Cleaning (tar, particles, H2S, COS, RSH, Cl, ethylene, benzene, ) Conversion to essentially only methane Question: What options exist? Key components: benzene, ethylene, organic-sulphur, H 2 S, CO 2

23 APPROACHES downstream biomass fluidized bed gasifier Conventional Mature Not made for bio Dedicated Theoretically better process But not proven

24 APPROACHES downstream biomass fluidized bed gasifier Rectisol Common for coal syngas Series of fixed bed methanation ECN system with HDS and prereformer and fixed bed methanation AGNION Fluidized bed reformer + methanation Catalyst loss accepted

25 ECN-PROCESS to BioSNG Milena Cooler Cyclone OLGA Optional: Bio-BTX Biomass air steam ash heavy & light tars dust Bio-BTX HDS Adsorbents Reformer Amine scrubber Cl + S carbon dioxide Multi stage fixed bed methanation Dryer Bio-Methane water 24

26 DOWNSTREAM TESTING at ECN in the Netherlands, lab-scale Several duration tests done to test different catalysts Focus on HDS Hydrogenation (C 2 H 2, C 2 H 4 ) and shift raise temperature by C Thiophene residue <0.1 ppmv Milena Cooler Cyclone OLGA Optional: Bio-BTX Biomass air steam ash heavy & light tars dust Bio-BTX HDS Adsorbents Reformer Amine scrubber Cl + S carbon dioxide Multi stage fixed bed methanation Dryer Bio-Methane water

27 HDS results <0.1 ppmv thiophene

28 THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION Bram van der Drift ECN Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box LE Petten 1755 ZG Petten The Netherlands The Netherlands T M vanderdrift@ecn.nl 27

29 ECN Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box LE Petten 1755 LG Petten The Netherlands The Netherlands T F info@ ecn.nl 8

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