1. What do you think a resource is? 2. Some resources occur naturally as part of our planet; do you know any?

Transcription

1 Bellringer-Day What do you think a resource is? 2. Some resources occur naturally as part of our planet; do you know any? 3. Do you think the resources we use to live today are the same as those a couple hundred years ago?

2 Environmental Science Look at the World s Use of its Resources

3 Over time Hunter-Gatherers Obtained food by hunting and gathering plants Agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, started collecting seeds, etc Industrial Revolution middle of 1700s Water/animal muscle coal and oil What do you notice about the change in resources and how we obtain them?

4 Industrial Revolution Machinery made farming, work, etc. more efficient. Cheap transportation over great distances Materials such as plastic, pesticides, and fertilizers developed and introduced We began to feed the larger populations!

5 Resources Natural resource natural material used by humans What natural resources can you think of that we use everyday?

6 Renewable Resources Can be replaced quickly by natural processes (they re renewable!) Replenishment rate is very fast months, years, or decades!

7 Examples of Renewable Resources Plants Solar Energy Wind Water Have you noticed ecofriendly options trying to make the switch to renewable resources?

8 Nonrenewable Resource Form at a much slower rate (fossil fuels) and so cannot be replenished These take millions of years to accumulate-this means once they re gone for us, they re gone!!

9 Fossil Fuels Any past living materials found in rock that is mined out and used as an energy source Why would these take so long to replenish?

10 Types of Nonrenewable Energy Coal Oil Natural Gas Uranium and Plutonium Tar Sands and Oil Shale

11 Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Activity

12 Tragedy of the Commons Here, commons refers to a shared, or common, resource In the 1800s, a group of farmers shared a common area of land in which they kept sheep Individuals grazed as many animals as possible in order to earn profit When land was enclosed and owned by individuals, people only grazed what they could support; however, commons allowed farmers to buy more sheep

13 Tragedy of the Commons However, overgrazing led to destruction of land resources! If I don t use this resource, somebody else will If all individual farmers made the economic decision to keep more sheep, the common could be depleted or destroyed harming everyone

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15 Tragedy of the Commons In essence, it s the idea that individuals acting independently according to selfinterest are behaving contrary to the whole group's long-term best interests by depleting some common resource. Earth s Resources = the modern commons

16 Sustainable World Sustainability - condition in which human needs are met in a way that human population can survive Today far from sustainable

17 Population and Consumption Developed nations 75 percent of world s resources, 20% population = more waste Ecological Footprint productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.

18 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources? Give an example of both. 2. What are some ways you think resources can be saved?

19 Bellringer-Day What are natural resources? What does it mean if something in renewable vs. nonrenewable? 2. Why is it important to understand the effects humans have on the Earth? 3. Do you think that you as an individual have an impact on the Earth? If so, what impact?

20 What s Your Ecological Footprint? Think about this as we continue discussing the Lithosphere, Water, and our Atmosphere!

21 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1. What was your ecological footprint? 2. Were you surprised by your footprint? 3. What areas do you think you could personally reduce your footprint?

22 Bellringer-Day Explain the tragedy of the commons in your own words. How does this relate to our resources today? 2. How do you think we obtain our resources such as coal, oil, water, etc.?

23 We ve talked about our resources and the individual impact we have on the Earth Next, we ll look at closer at some specific resources

24 Fossil Fuels Remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas Supply is limited Environmental consequences

25 Fossil Fuels: Coal Formation: Plants in swamps hundreds of millions of years ago Sediments compressed plant remains Coal Pros: Coal Cons: High energy Cost is low Dirties Fuels Releases CO2/Pollutants Destroys the land

26 Coal 57% of electric production in US formed by coal Obtained by underground mines and/or mountain removal (we will discuss this in detail next week!)

27 Fossil Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas Formation: decay of tiny marine organisms Compressed and Heated Oil Pros: Oil Cons: High Energy Low Cost for Fuel Releases CO2/Pollutants Environmental Issues w.youtube. com/watc h?v=0prsz MOCnWU

28 Drilling Oil pumped from the ground; crude oil Fuels, chemicals, plastics petroleum products 45% of world s commercial energy use! The debate on oil drilling-some believe expanding drilling to the Continental Shelf of the US would be beneficial (gas prices), while others Believe the harm (environmental) would be worse than the gain.

29 Fossil Fuels and the Future By 2050, world energy demand will double Oil production peak??

30 Years left of Resources in the World Coal Oil Natural Gas 300 Years 50 Years 125 to 200 Years

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32 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1. Name one thing you learned about our resources that you didn t know before. 2. What can be done to reduce our use of nonrenewable resources?

33 1. What do you think a mineral is? 2. Do you believe there is a difference between a mineral and a rock? 3. From last week, what is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource? Look around the classroom and identify where these resources are being used.

34 Chapter 16

35 We depend on mineral resources everyday This does not come without a price Environmental issues Uphold mineral needs with population

36 Mineral inorganic solid characteristic chemical composition orderly internal structure characteristic set of physical properties. Made up of atoms of single element, or two or more elements (compounds) Common Minerals: Copper, diamond, gold, graphite

37 Atoms set in geometric shape Determine physical properties of mineral Elements gold, silver, and copper are minerals

38 Formation depends upon the environment Temperature and cooling rates Dissolved in other solutions (water) to be evaporated later Crystallized

39 Ore Minerals minerals that are valuable and economical to extract Metallic or nonmetallic Metallic shiny, opaque, and conduct electricity Nonmetallic dull surfaces, transparent

40 Basic Physical Characteristics Luster Does the mineral look metallic? Hardness Scratch other materials or minerals Does your mineral scratch glass?

41 Cleavage When broken, some may break in parallel, flat surfaces Streak Metallic minerals may rust, their streak will reveal true color

42 Color Non-metallic light or dark? Metallic may have specific color Special Properties Some minerals have unique characteristics that help to identify them

43 Here s our mineral: Page 414

44 Does this mineral look metallic? If you think so, write Metallic, If not, write Non-metallic

45 This mineral is nonmetallic. Although it is shiny, it does not give off a metal appearance.

46 Scratched on glass, the mineral would look like this: Did it leave a scratch? If you agree, write hard, if you disagree, write soft

47 Minerals that leave a scratch mark on glass, like the one below, are considered to be hard minerals.

48 When broken, our mineral looks like this: Would you say it breaks with perfect straight edges? If so, write cleavage. If you would say the edges are uneven, write no-cleavage

49 The pieces, when broken apart, are uneven and do not break with straight edges.

50 During a streak test, our mineral leaves this mark: Would you say the streak is a significant color? If so, write streak. If not, write no streak.

51 Although there is a streak, most minerals leave a white streak. This is not an identifying characteristic of the mineral!

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53 Ours appears most like the one on the left (clear/white/transparent)

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55 Using our mineral identification steps, we can tell that this is quartz! Now you see how minerals are identified but why are they important?

56 1. What is the purpose of minerals? Why are they valuable to us? 2. If given an unidentified mineral, what steps would you carry out to identify it? Be specific!

57 1. Why does our need for minerals, such as graphite or gold, impact our lithosphere so greatly? 2. How do you think minerals are acquired? 3. Choose 2 of the different ways to identify a mineral and describe them.

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59 Subsurface mining ore deposits that are usually 50 meters or more beneath Earth s surface Surface Mining ore deposits located close to Earth s surface.

60 Surface mining 1. Surface coal mining 2. Quarrying (digging into rock for minerals)

61 Surface mining 3. Solar Evaporation (used for salt, etc.) 4. Mountaintop Removal (takes place on mountain ridge/summit)

62 Undersea mining Unsuccessful Land mining is cheaper Deep water makes processes difficult

63 Smelting crushed ore is melted at high temperatures to separate impurities Density differences causes separation Used to separate metal from ore

64 Coal mining: OJzw

65 Cookie Mining Activity!

66 Write the cookie of your choice on the sheet, along with the price! Ms. Farris will then pass it out to you (choose wisely) Lowfat-$3 Chips Ahoy-$5 Chip s Deluxe-$7 Soft batch-$10

67 And then count the number of squares that it covers. Write this in line #3 on your sheet.

68 You may choose between 1-3 items. Record the number you choose in the correct space in line 4. Multiply it by the cost of the tool. Round Toothpick-$4 Paperclip-$6

69 Ms. Farris will pass out your materials while you calculate the total cost and record it in line 5. Ex. 2 toothpicks and a paperclip would be $14 total!

70 The Following rules must be followed!! 1. You may only use the tools to mine the cookie. No hands! 2. Each minute costs $1 to run the equipment. Be mindful of this when mining. 3. Ms. Farris will have a stopwatch running on screen-everyone will start at once. When you are ready to stop, look up at the screen and record your total minutes!

71 Online stopwatch:

72 Now, count the number of chips you pulled out. Two half chips may be counted as a whole chip! Record this number on line 8. Multiply it by 2 and write it next to letter E.

73 Can you return the cookie to the way it was? Try to get the cookie to fit back into the circle you originally traced. You may only use your tools-no hands!

74 You must count the number of squares outside the circle where cookie crumbs still sit after reclamation. Record this in line 9. Multiply it by 1 and record it next to F.

75 1. Add letters D+F and record this in line 10, next to G. 2. Subtract E-G and record this on line 11, next to H. 3. If the number in line 11 is positive, you made a profit! If it is negative, you lost money!

76 Answer lab questions 1-3 on your sheet while you enjoy your cookie!

77 1. Was it easy to mine for the chips? Compare this to the land-are minerals easy to retrieve? 2. What do you think the purpose of reclamation is? Why would we want to return the land back to the way it was? 3. Did mining the cookie give you a better idea of mining in real life? Why or why not?

78 1. What environmental impacts would you expect mining to have on the environment? 2. Yesterday, we reclaimed our cookies. What is your opinion of this process? Why do you think it is required? 3. Based on what you know, do you believe that reclamation and other conservation efforts can help to minimize the effects of mining? Explain your viewpoint.

79 Section 16.3

80 Energy needs increased the amount of surface mining Reclamation returning land to original or better state after mining Reclaiming land and returning it to previous state is a requirement! Think back to your cookie reclamation!

81 Air and noise pollution Dust created by mining and loading/unloading Machine causes noise pollution and damage to nearby structures

82 Water Contamination Water picks up and dissolves toxic substances (arsenic) Sulfur and water diluted sulfuric acid Acid Mine Drainage - AMD

83 Displacement of Wildlife Stripping of plant life Animals leave area New ecosystem created after Destroy river and sea bottoms

84 Erosion and Sedimentation Sediments find way into streams Choke stream life Degrades water quality

85 Soil Degradation Deeper soil layers added to top Decreases richness of original soil Subsidence (sink holes) Sinking of regions of ground with no horizontal movement

86 Underground Mine Fires Last decades and even centuries Australian fire 2,000 Years!!!!! Gas and smoke emitted

87 Must comply with Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Act, and Endangered Species Act If company does not comply with regulations, money is given to the state

88 1. What would you cite to defend the actions of mining companies? What reasons can you give for their motivation and how it meets our needs as a population? 2. What could be done to minimize the effects of mining on the land? 3. Can you propose an alternative to some of the mining practices?

89 Bellringer-Day 07 1.What are some dangers associated with mining as an occupation? 2.What environmental hazards are associated with mining? 3.What can be done, and is done, to reduce the dangers and environmental damage caused by mining?

90 Human Effect: Land Use

91 Urbanization Physical growth of urban areas as result of rural migration Currently more people living in urban areas than rural areas (first time in history) Why do you think this is the case?

92 Urbanization Environmental Effects Heat Islands solar radiation reflected by buildings, asphalt, etc Makes location hotter than surrounding areas Extra solar radiation not being used (plants, water, etc)

93 Urbanization Environmental Effects More people = more waste/trash Less plant life to clean air (increase air pollution) Acid rain Increase in ph of rain due to pollution

94 Urbanization Environmental Effects Increase of impermeable surfaces Impermeable means water and other materials cannot pass through Leads to increased run off and flooding

95 Urbanization Over Time

96 Some Benefits and Problems with Urban Development Benefits Better Education System Medical Services Social Service Programs Problems Infectious Disease Inadequate Water System Poor Sewer Systems Exposure to Pollution

97 Deforestation The removal of forests (rain, deciduous, etc.) for a fuel source or timber Less C pulled from atmosphere Less oxygen produced Increase water runoff!! Decrease in biological diversity Bio-diversity down 30% in past 40 years

98 Deforestation

99 A Closer Look

100 Agriculture Growing resources on land Increase population = increase agriculture Depletion of water (ground/surface) Salinization build up of salts in soil; becomes useless to plants

101 Overgrazing Occurs when animals are allowed to graze in areas and the plants are not allowed to grow back Poorly managed agriculture practices How would farmers avoid overgrazing?

102 Effects on Shorelines Increased population = increased development Decrease vegetation = decrease stability Human activity/recreation increases erosion (wind/water/etc) Dunes/barriers to help

103 Effects on Mountainsides Increase development = decrease in vegetation increase in erosion Decrease in stability (rockfalls, rockslides, mudslides, mudflows)

104 Effects on Mountainsides Efforts to stabilize slopes Retaining walls/barriers Vegetation Rocks

105 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1.What efforts are people taking to reduce erosion? Why would reducing erosion be important? 2.What major events could take place in areas of the mountains if erosion is not controlled?

106 1. Define: urbanization. 2. What is the main reason that people choose to move to the cities? 3. List at least 2 environmental consequences of deforestation.

107 1. What does it mean to be sustainable? 2. Brainstorm some methods of alternative energy that may provide a cleaner source of energy. These can be real-life examples or hypothetical solutions.

108 What can we do to help?

109 Carrying Capacity: The number of people the Earth can physically support Dependent on the limit to the amount of food Earth can produce, the amount of land available, resources, etc. We re expected to cap out around 9 or 10 billion

110 People are living longer lives; there could be as many as 9 billion people by 2050! 80 million added each year! This increase means we need more land, more food, and more energy! 1 billion people go hungry each day At this point, we are not at sustainability-there will not be enough resources. So what do we do?

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112 Solar Energy from the sun Pros: Free Little/No Pollution Cons: Needs access to sun constantly Very expensive! Energy gained from wind Pros: Highly Efficient Low environmental impact Quick construction Cons: Wind Needs steady wind Noise pollution

113 Biofuels Fuel from biological sources (animal dung, trees, kelp, etc. Pros: Large potential supply Cons: Plants must be replanted Loss of trees=erosion Underground warm water and steam is used directly for heat and power Pros: Readily available Little pollution Cons: Geothermal Only available near geological activity Habitat destruction when building

114 Fuel Cells Device Converts Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy Pros: Safe with low environmental impacts Cons: High cost Doesn t last long and not readily available Motion of waves on ocean surface converted to electricity Pros: No CO2 Works 24/7 Cons: Wave Power Expensive Machine issues (corrodes in water)

115 Which energy resource do you think is the most promising? Which ones do you think might work for some locations, but not for others?

116 Anyone heard of the three R s?

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118 Reduce the amount of resources you use as an individual The key here is: Don t take more than you need!

119 Reuse items whenever you can! Think about all the things that can be reused-name some! If everyone reused items, it would reduce the need for constant new items!

120 Recycle whenever possible-there are recycling bins in each classroom, school, etc. Recycling allows us to continue to use the resources we have already pulled from the environment

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122 1. What options are available for renewable energy sources? 2. What do you notice about the differences between renewable and nonrenewable energy? Think in terms of cost, environmental impact, and how they are obtained.

123 1. Define the following terms: a) Renewable Resource b) Nonrenewable Resource c) Fossil Fuel d) Urbanization e) Deforestation f) Alternative Energy