Ecosystem Ecology. Community (biotic factors) interacts with abiotic factors

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1 Ecosystem Ecology Community (biotic factors) interacts with abiotic factors Objectives Compare the processes of energy flow and chemical cycling as they relate to ecosystem dynamics. Define and list examples of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and Detritivores in an ecosystem. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Define a energy pyramid and its relationship to human s diet Describe how a biogeochemical cycle works and specifically the cycle of carbon and nitrogen Describe how human activities have disrupted the carbon cycle Describe the green house effect and its connection to our current global warming. Describe the possible consequences of global warming. 1

2 Abiotic Factors that the community interacts with Energy it is needed by organisms to do the processes to keep alive Forms: light, chemical, heat Type of energy used by living things: Chemical elements carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen They are what organisms are made of (matter) Type of matter that organisms are made of: Remember the law of matter and energy! Two processes that transform energy and matter Photosynthesis Energy transformation Matter transformation Autotrophic organisms (producers) are the ONLY ones that can do photosynthesis Heterotrophic organisms (consumers) can not do photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Energy transformation Matter transformation This occurs in autotrophs AND in the heterotrophs that eat them These processes allow for the movement of energy and chemicals in an ecosystem in plants in plants and animals 2

3 Movement of energy and chemicals Movement of energy and chemicals in an ecosystem is different Energy flows not recyclable energy as heat can t be used again Ecosystem always needs an external input of energy Chemicals cycle recyclable carbon dioxide can be used again Ecosystem does not need external input of chemicals if cycling is complete Their movement is linked because both depend on transfer of food. We can represent their movement Via a food chain: Simplified linear diagram of who eats whom In an ecosystem, food chains interconnect forming Food Web Complex network of who eats whom We can group organisms by the level at which they feed 3

4 Trophic structure: The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem What trophic level are you if you eat an apple? What trophic level are you if you eat a steak? Amount of energy and Trophic structure What happens to the energy at each trophic level? Which energy is available to the next trophic level? Energy available to all the consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem comes from the energy in the producers 4

5 Energy pyramid shows the available energy to the next trophic level The higher the trophic level a species is at, the less available energy that it has from the original energy stored as photosynthesis Implication: Animals at higher trophic levels require more vegetation to provide for their food than animals at lower trophic levels We can apply this information to the human diet! Meat eaters vs. Plant eaters 3,000 lbs of corn and soybeans is capable of supporting ONE person if converted to beef, however, the same amount of soybeans and corn utilized directly without converting to beef will support 22 people! If the world population ate like in the US, ONLY less than ½ of the population could be fed. If the world population ate strict vegetarian diets we could feed 1 billion MORE than present 5

6 BIOMASS PYRAMID shows that amount of mass is reduced in higher trophic levels We can use a biomass pyramid to understand why organisms at higher trophic levels have higher concentration of toxic chemicals than lower ones 6

7 What happens to these toxics in the food chain? As biomass is consumed through food chain The amount of biomass is reduced But The amount of toxic does not (due to persistence) RESULT: The concentration of the toxic increases Having a greater impact on top Biological predators Magnification: accumulation of toxics in tissues of consumers in food chains 7

8 Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements in the ecosystem Elements are found in: Living things biotic reservoirs Non living things abiotic reservoirs And they can move: Between these reservoirs And within each reservoir Carbon cycle 8

9 Nitrogen cycle Presence of Carbon Dioxide allows for life on earth The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere determines the temperature, by the GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Some of the sun energy is absorbed by Earth some of this absorbed energy is reflected back some of this reflected energy is reemitted back by Carbon Dioxide and other GH gases Without these gases the Earth would be 59 o F cooler!!! What will be the effect of changing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 9

10 The IPCC reports summarize evidence of recent changes in global climate Since 1990, the world s climate scientists have been gathering to produce the single most comprehensive and authoritative research summary on climate change: Is climate the same as weather? 10

11 Should climate be stable? Is the current change natural or human driven? 11

12 THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT Health2016.globalchange.go v The impacts of climate change on human health Temperature Air quality Extremes Vector Water Food 12

13 Temperature Even Small Differences from Seasonal Average Temperatures Result in Illness and Death 13

14 Air quality impacts Exacerbated Ozone Health Impacts: these climate driven increases in ozone will cause premature deaths, hospital visits, lost school days, and acute respiratory symptoms Increased Health Impacts from Wildfires: Wildfires emit fine particles and ozone precursors that in turn increase the risk of premature death and adverse chronic and acute cardiovascular and respiratory health outcomes Worsened Allergy and Asthma Conditions 14

15 Increase in extreme events Vector borne diseases Changing Mosquito Borne Disease Dynamics: Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and a higher frequency of some extreme weather events associated with climate change will influence the distribution, abundance, and prevalence of infection in the mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus and other pathogens 15

16 What can you do? 40 min 16

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