On-site wastewater treatment in Flanders, opportunities and threats for constructed wetlands
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1 Decentralized Water and Wastewater International Network(DEWSIN) Kathmandu Nepal 2009 On-site wastewater treatment in Flanders, opportunities and threats for constructed wetlands Mia Van Dyck, Rob Van Deun Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen, Geel, Belgium
2 Water Policy in Flanders Flanders North Sea The Netherlands Germany 13,522 km² 6.1 million people 451 inh./km² France Luxembourg
3 Water Policy in Flanders
4 Water Policy in Flanders Aquafin(1990) Domestic wastewater collection and treatment Supramunicipal level Shareholder: Flemish Government
5 Water Policy in Flanders 2007: 3.9% collective treatment Zoning plans: individual treatment per family home sewer system connected to a small-scale WWTP sewer system connected to a large-scale WWTP
6 Water Policy in Flanders Effluent standards for individual WWTP s: ph BOD < 25mg/l Suspended Solids < 60mg/l no nutrients in concentrations higher than 10 times the environmental quality standards of the receiving watercourse no fats, oils or floating products
7 Constructed Wetlands Types of constructed wetlands: Surface flow wetlands ( free-water surface wetlands (FWS) Stabilization ponds; Floating Macrophyte Filter Systems Subsurface flow wetlands (SF) Subsurface horizontal flow wetland ( rootzone reedbed) Subsurface vertical flow wetland.
8 Constructed Wetlands Wetland treatment: Organic matter, TSS, N, P, pathogens Removal mechanism: Biological: microbial degradation plant uptake Physico- chemical: adsorption sedimentation precipitation
9 Materials and Methods different systems: VSSF, HSSF, stabilisation pond different media: sand,expanded clay,gravel different plant species: Phragmites australis, Iris speudacorus, Carex riparia, Scirpus lacustris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Sparganium erectum, Miscanthus floridulus
10 Materials and Methods Vertical Subsurface Flow Wetland gravel sand Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland
11 Results and Discussion ORGANIC MATTER: Temperature % COD removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Misc/sand Sparg./sand Scir./sand Iris/sand Car./sand Phrag./sand Mean Temp. Unplanted % COD Mean Value n Scirpus Sand 92,1 31 Miscanthus Sand 91,9 55 Phragmites Sand 91,0 2 Sparganium Sand 90,6 30 Carex Sand 7,3 29 Iris Sand 6,2 59 Unplanted Sand 76,1 59
12 Results and Discussion % COD removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Phrag./sand Mean Temp. Unplanted
13 Results and Discussion ORGANIC MATTER : different substrates % COD removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 % COD Mean Value n Phragmites LWA 92,9 62 Phragmites Sand 91,0 2 Phragmites Gravel 65,2 61 Phrag./sand Mean Temp. Phrag./LWA Phrag./gravel
14 Results and Discussion ORGANIC MATTER: hybrid systems % COD removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Mean Temp. Vert/Phrag./LWA Hor/Car./gravel 100,0 0,0 60,0 % COD removal % COD Mean Value n Phragmites Vertical LWA 92,9 62 Carex Horizontal Gravel 95,4 57 Phragmites Vertical Gravel 65,2 61 Phragmites Horizontal Gravel 5, ,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 feb/0 mrt/0 apr/0 mei/0 jun/0 jul/0 aug/0 sep/0 okt/0 nov/0 dec/0 jan/0 9 feb/0 9 mrt/0 9 Mean Temp. Vert/Phrag./gravel Hor/Phrag./gravel
15 Results and Discussion Ammonium removal % Ammonium removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Misc/sand Sparg./sand Scir./sand Iris/sand Car./sand Phrag./sand Mean Temp. Unplanted % NH4-N Mean Value n Phragmites Sand 93,5 67 Miscanthus Sand 92,0 66 Sparganium Sand 90,6 69 Scirpus Sand 7,2 70 Carex Sand 6,3 54 Iris Sand 5,2 71 Control Sand 71,1 67
16 Results and Discussion Nitrification - plant uptake g NO3-N 3,00 2,50 nitrification nitrification nitrification 2,00 plant uptake 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Misc/sand Sparg./sand Iris/sand Car./sand Phrag./sand Influent
17 Results and Discussion Different substrates % Ammonia removal 100,0 0,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 jan/0 feb/0 mrt/0 apr/0 mei/0 jun/0 jul/0 aug/0 sep/0 okt/0 nov/0 dec/0 Phrag./sand Mean Temp. Phrag./gravel jan/09 feb/09 % NH4-N Mean Value n Phragmites Sand 93,5 67 Phragmites LWA, 6 Phragmites Gravel 52,3 71 g NO3-N 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 jan/0 feb/0 mrt/0 apr/0 mei/0 jun/0 jul/0 aug/0 sep/0 okt/0 nov/0 dec/0 jan/09 feb/09 Phrag./sand Phrag./gravel
18 Results and Discussion Percentage Total N removal: plant spp. % Total N Mean Value n Miscanthus Sand 67,5 67 Phragmites Sand (H) 67,2 64 Phragmites Sand 65,2 66 Iris Sand 63,6 69 Sparganium Sand 52,9 70 Carex Sand 4,0 51 Unplanted Sand 47,1 6 Scirpus Sand 46,6 6 Carex Sand (H) 41, 51 Eriophorum Sand 39,7 52
19 Results and Discussion Percentage Total N removal: substrates % Total N Mean Value n Phragmites LWA 70,9 70 Phragmites Sand 65,2 66 Phragmites Gravel 51,3 71 % Tot N removal jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Mia Van Phrag./sand Dyck - Rob Van Mean Deun Temp. KHKempen, Phrag./LWA Geel, Phrag./gravel Belgium
20 Results and Discussion Percentage Total N removal: Hybrid systems % Tot N removal jan/0 mrt/0 mei/0 jun/0 aug/0 sep/0 nov/0 jan/09 feb/09 Mean Temp. Vert/Phrag./LWA Hor/Car./gravel % Tot N removal % Total N Mean Value n Phragmites Vertical LWA 70,9 70 Carex Horizontal Gravel 1,9 66 Phragmites Vertical Gravel 51,3 71 Phragmites Horizontal Gravel 77, jan/0 feb/0 mrt/0 apr/0 mei/0 jun/0 jul/0 aug/0 sep/0 okt/0 nov/0 dec/0 jan/09 feb/09 mrt/0 9 Mean Temp. Vert/Phrag./gravel Hor/Phrag./gravel
21 Results and Discussion Phosphorus removal % Total P Mean Value n Phragmites LWA 9,4 49 Miscanthus Sand 5,4 22 Phragmites Sand (H) 51, 46 Phragmites Sand 46,9 47 Sparganium Sand 35,9 53 Phragmites Gravel 13,4 52 % Total P Mean Value n Phragmites Vertical LWA 9,4 49 Carex Horizontal Gravel 9,3 4 Phragmites Vertical Gravel 13,4 52 Phragmites Horizontal Gravel 62,0 34
22 Conclusions The removal of organic matter is very reliable through the year; As for nutrient removal nitrogen is nitrified almost completely in most systems; The removal of total N is limited and depends on the substrate and plants used; Phosphorous removal is only important in substrates that can adsorb phosphorous,but these materials will become saturated.
23 Thank you!!! AKNOWLEDGMENTS Supported by the Flemish Ministry for Economy, Enterprise, Science, Innovation and Foreign Trade; KVLT, Geel, Belgium
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