General. 60% covered by water >1 mile. The deep sea the largest habitat largely unexplored

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1 Junjie Li

2 General 60% covered by water >1 mile The deep sea the largest habitat largely unexplored

3 General 79% of entire volume of the earth s biosphere waters with depths > 1000m pelagic Ocean benthic

4 General Benthic surfaces mud (fine particles)& ooze (high content of organic) rocky unique benthic formation (e.g. smoker chimney) Life must endure extreme cold great pressure total darkness (non-solar bioluminescence)

5 General Observation equipment LED light and low light cameras remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)& autonomous undersea vehicles (AUVs) manned submersible (Alvin)

6

7 Physical characteristics of deep sea Abiotic (non-living) namely light, pressure, currents, temperature, oxygen, nutrients Biotic (living) potential predators, food, mates, competitors or symbionts

8 Light All colors of light absorbed at depth >1000 m light show floating, swirling, zooming

9 Bioluminescence Chemical reaction in a microbe or animal body creates light without heat (mix luciferin with oxygen)

10 Bioluminescence weak compared with sunlight= hard to be captured special sensory adaptations

11 Bioluminescence Functions headlights ( photophore ) fishing lures

12 Bioluminescence attracting mates counter illumination confusing predators or prey burglar alarms

13 Pressure Pressure increases 1 atm for each 10 m in depth use piezolyte, the small organic molecule, to prevent pressure from distorting large biomolecules trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

14 Temperature uniform and constant temperature remains at -1 to about +4 won t freeze due to high salt content life against cold by having loose flexible proteins and unsaturated membranes

15 Oxygen Adequate oxygen in deep sea cold water can dissolve more oxygen thermohaline current occurs oxygen remains sufficient for life (not enough biomass to use it all up) oxygen minimum zone no photosynthesis and thermohaline currents

16 Food most food consists of detritus decaying of microbes, algae, plants and animals scavengers including sea cucumber brittle star rattail fish

17 Food Gulper eel Osedax

18 Food Movement mode for saving energy many stay in one place and ambush their prey by using lures cruise slowly over the seafloor muscle composition for saving energy watery, gelatinous muscle low nutritive content (20% protein of tuna s muscle, but only 5~8% of viperfish s)

19 Adapation of animals Body color protection of predators camouflage (hatchetfish) Reproduction attach to female by using hooked teeth, then establishing a parasitic-like relationship

20 Hydrothermal Vents & Chemosynthetic Community Hot water laced with volcanic chemicals pouring out of the ocean floor repeat cycle, known as hydrothermal circulation sulfate in the ocean water is transformed into hydrogen sulfide

21 Hydrothermal Vents & Chemosynthetic Community Chemosynthetic bacteria Chemosynthesis

22 Hydrothermal Vents & Chemosynthetic Community Completely unexpected community of life is found there an ecosystem based on toxic gas community with high biodiversity and biodensity

23 Hydrothermal Vents & Chemosynthetic Community Tube worms no digestive tract subsist on energy-rich H2S in vent water extract oxygen out of deep water house chemoautotrophs bacteria deliver sulfide, C2O and O2 to bacterial symbiots, and get excess sugars run geothermal energy rather than sunlight

24 Hydrothermal Vents & Chemosynthetic Community Cold seep mainly occurs where cold methane is animals with symbiotic bacteria are found, e.g. tube worms, calms some habor methane-using bacteria instead of sulfide-using ones = ecosystem powered by natural gas

25 Conclusion The discovery of deep sea and chemosynthetic communities show one alternative to photosynthesis, why couldn t there be 2, or 3? The earliest forms of life on the Earth may have begun at hydrothermal vents.

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