Water Measurement. Presentation by. L. Niel Allen Extension Irrigation Specialist Utah State University
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1 Water Measurement Presentation by L. Niel Allen Extension Irrigation Specialist Utah State University to Utah State Engineer s Office Division of Water Rights Salt Lake City, Utah December 11, 2013
2 Introduction When a resource is measured, it is implied that it has significant value; when not measured, the implication is of little or no value. Water Measurement is Needed for: Water Rights Water Distribution (dividing the stream) Management of Irrigation and Industrial Processes Equity Billing Records Conservation/management Statutory Requirements
3 Topics for Discussion Flow Measurement Fundamentals Flow Measurement Methods and Devices Open Channel Flow Measurements Pipeline Flow Measurements Design of Flumes
4 Flow Measurement Fundamentals Flow Rate or Discharge is Volume per Unit Time Cubic Feet per Second, Gallons per minute, etc. Flow Rate (e.g. ft 3 per second) is equal to Velocity (e.g. feet per second) times Area (e.g. square feet) Conservation of Mass Flow upstream, through, and downstream of a flow measurement device is equal. Conservation of Energy (Energy Equation) For small areas Energy equals pressure (water pressure or depth) plus velocity head (v 2 /2g).
5 Manual Flow Measurements Need to Measure Velocity and Area Velocity is not uniform in an open channel or closed conduit, due to drag on the channel and conduit boundaries and viscosity of water. 976 cfs in a 25-foot Parshall Flume, depth of flow is 6.3 feet and two-point velocity measurements. Reported by Tom Ley, et al. in USCID March 2013 proceedings
6 Manual Flow Measurements Stage v. Discharge for stable channel or river location The velocity can be taken two points - at 0.8 and 0.2 of the depth areas. For shallow depths (less than 2 feet) the velocity is taken at 0.6 of the depth.
7 Manual Flow Measurements Divide the flow cross-section into a grid and then measure the flow and velocity each grid section. The total flow is the sum of the velocity times the area of all grid sections.
8 Manual Flow Measurements
9 Current Meter and Rod
10 Manual Flow Measurements Electromagnetic velocity measurements Diaphragm type depth measurements in combination with electromagnetic velocity measurement. Absolute pressure with single point calibration
11 Manual Flow Measurements Electromagnetic Flow Meter The sensor attaches to a wading rod like used with a propeller current meter Velocities over a short time period can be averaged Data can be recorded
12 Open Channel Flow Measuring Structures Flumes Forces the velocity to increase by reducing the area of flow (ramps, converging sides, etc.) Ideally the velocity increases to critical depth where upstream water depth is not influenced by downstream water depth. Also known as free-flow. Critical flow condition means that for a single depth, there is a single flow rate associated with that depth. As the velocity in increased the water level drops because the area decreases and some of the depth is required to increase the velocity based on the energy equation. E = v 2 /2g + h
13 Open Channel Flow Measuring Structures Generally need to slow down the water to get proper approach velocity Results in increase depth (and/or width of channel) of water in the channel. Adequate freeboard is needed. Smooth or tranquil flow Requires a straight uniform section upstream May require a wider section Results in some head loss across structure (Some very little (0.1 feet) others more (0.5 feet or more)
14 Open Channel Flow Measuring Structures Free flow conditions exist if the down stream depth does not influence the upstream depth (non-submerged condition). Free flow is important for measurement accuracy, using the standard tables, and only one depth measurement is required. Free flow can be established in the design by maintaining the submergence below the transition between free flow and submerged conditions.
15 Open Channel Flow Measuring Structures Flumes Ramp Flumes work very well and there is design software available from the USBR - WinFlume
16 Long-throated (Ramp) Flume
17 Long-throated (Ramp) Flume Rating tables can be accurately calculated for many configurations Great flexibility in Design Low head loss through flume Generally Low Cost Compute software available for design and creation of rating tables (USBR WinFlume)
18 Long-Throated (Ramp) Flumes
19 Long-throated Flumes Characteristics Accurate rating tables can be computed. Even for asbuilt dimensions Throat can be any shape in direction perpendicular to flow. Can be used in open flow pipe. Low head loss across flume. Can be operated in free flow with greater submergence than other critical flow devices. With properly constructed gradual converging transition floating debris can usually pass through the flume. Can be designed to pass sediments. Economical to construct. Adaptable to most existing canals.
20 Open Channel Flow Measurement - Weirs Weirs are an overflow structure built perpendicular to the flow of the water. Approach Velocity of about 0.5 ft/sec. Cannot be submerged if using standard tables. Submergence discouraged.
21 Open Channel Flow Measurement - Weirs Standard Contracted Rectangular Weirs Q = 3.33h 1 3/2 (L-0.2h 1 ) Standard Suppressed Rectangular Weirs Q = 3.33Lh 1 3/2 Fully Contracted Standard 90-Degree V-Notch Weir Q=2.49h Cipoletti Weirs Q = L h 1 3/2 Tables can also be used
22 Open Channel Flow Measurement - Weir Cipoletti Weir Duckbill Weir
23 Overshot Gates Maintain Upstream Water Level Provide Water Measurement
24 Overshot Gates Depending on the angle of the gate, used as a water measurement device it resembles a weir, or free overflow, or flume under certain conditions. Calibrated equations can be developed to get flow measurements accuracies of about 7 percent.
25 Clausen Weir Rule
26 Clausen Weir Rule
27 Open Channel Flow Measurement Submerged Orifices Flow is related to the difference between the upstream and downstream heads V = C(2gh) 0.5 Q= A*C(2gh) 0.5
28 Open Channel Flow Measurement Submerged Orifices Submerged Orifice often Used for Headgate Measurement Headgate Opening (Area) and Difference in Head (Used to Estimate Velocity)
29 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters Rubicon gates
30 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters
31 Selection of Water Measurement Device Available Head Loss Range of Flows Adaptability to Site Type of Record Needed (Recorder, Real-Time, etc.) Cost of Structure or Device User Acceptance Ability to Pass Sediment or Debris
32 Selection of Water Measurement Device Device Standardization and Calibration Legal and Institutional Requirements Maintenance Needs
33 Water Level and Recording Devices Water Level Staff gage Float and Pulley (Potentiometer or mechanical) Bubbler Submersible Pressure Transducer Optical Ultrasonic Down-looker Recorders Self Contained need to be removed and data downloaded Datalogger or transmission of data (cell phone, radio, satellite, manual download, etc.)
34 Installation and Maintenance Upstream Conditions - Approach Velocity At 0.5 ft/sec the velocity head its.004 feet At 4 ft/sec the velocity head is feet. Aquatic Vegetation impact on Measurement
35 Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Weirs Conditions Downstream of Weir No nappe for weir can increase flows 25% of reading at low flows. Adjustments can be made for submerged weirs, but no submergence if much better. Condition of Weir Edge Upstream Flow Patterns Rough water Turbulance Width of channel Length of straight channel
36 Installation and Maintenance What happens with excessive siltation upstream of weir or flume? Is actual flow higher or lower than reading? What happens when the weir or flume is submerged? Is actual flow higher or lower than reading? How does the levelness of the flume impact the reading? For downstream falling slope is flow higher or lower than reading? For downstream rising slope is flow higher or lower than reading?
37 Downstream Condition Submergence (ex. 6 cfs with reading of 20+ cfs) Installation and Maintenance 4-foot Parshall - Reported by Tom Ley, et al. in USCID March 2013 proceedings
38 Recent Studies of Existing Flumes Utah Water Research Lab conducted a study of 70 water measurement sites. Only one-third of the water measurement devices were within specification of design or manufacturer. Of those out of specs. 37% over estimated and 63% under estimated. Nearly all had installation or maintenance issues. (ASCE Irrigation & Drainage, June 2011) Colorado DWR Study of 223 Parshall flumes (4,228 discharge measurements) found that 45% were within 5%, 16% were 5-8%, and 39% were more than 8% of measured discharge. Reported by Tom Ley, et al. in USCID March 2013 proceedings
39 Considerations for selection of measurement device Accuracy Reliability Suitability to site Ease of data retrieval Maintenance needs Cost
40 Questions
41 Closed Conduit Flow Fixed area (assumes full pipe flow) so velocity needs to be measured Propeller Meter Venturi Meters Pitot Pipe Velocity Flow Meters Discharge from Closed Conduits Acoustic / Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters (can also be used in open channel)
42 Instantaneous and tantalizer Electronic recording Propeller Flow Meters Upstream straight pipe -10 times pipe diameter, but swirls can travel 100 time pipe diameter. Can use straightening vanes. Downstream straight pipe -1.5 to 2 times pipe diameter. Saddle Meters need to be designed for exact pipe diameter (ID and OD) Full pipe flow only Maintained
43 Paddle Wheel Flow Meter Makes velocity reading at only one point Need uniform and straight section of pipe Needs calibration for pipe diameter and material. Needs correct installation
44 Two unknown velocities, but we have two equations to solve for the velocities. Venture Meter
45 Venturi Meter Commercial Style Made from PVC Pipe and Fittings (USBR has Designs Guidelines
46 Collins Flow Meter Measures Velocity Head in Pipe
47 Pitot Tube Collins and Hall Manometer Flow Meters Velocity Head
48 Vertical Discharge from Pipe Based on H=velocity head
49 Horizontal Discharge from Pipe Tables and formulas also exist for partially full pipe discharge.
50 Volume/Time and Pressure - Orifice Size Discharge Measurements Measurement from sprinklers with bucket and stopwatch. (Volume (gallons)*60/time(seconds) equals gallons per minute) Estimation of sprinkler discharge with pressure and orifice size.
51 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters Transit time flow meters utilize two transducers which function as both ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. Pipe Diameter, Thickness, Material Fluid Properties Precise Location of Sensors
52
53 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters
54 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters
55 Questions
56 WinFlume (simple design)
57 Summary of Warning Messages (*'s indicate warnings) '5 - Upstream energy head / control section length is less than WinFlume Head-Discharge Table C:\Program Files\WinFlume\Toone Flume vertical wall 2.5.Flm - Revision 9 Ditchrider's Rating Table, Printed: 12/5/2013 3:11:22 PM Head,h1 Discharges in cu. ft/s ft *0.43 *0.48 *
58 WinFlume (simple Design)
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