Leaf Leaching Experiment
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1 Leaf Leaching Experiment Monday PM David A. Reckhow University of Massachusetts
2 Introduction Water treatment engineers and public health officials need to pay careful attention to the presence of dissolved organic matter in water supplies selected for human consumption (i.e., raw drinking waters). For many reasons related to human health and cost, it is necessary to remove a substantial amount of these organic compounds before the water is ready for human use. The cost of doing this is highly variable and dependent on the particulars of the ecosystem from which the raw water originates. In the Northeast US, a large fraction of aquatic organic matter found in lakes and rivers comes from the forest floor. We re all familiar with organic rich soils with upper soil horizons containing roots, branches, logs and leaves in various stages of decay.
3 Intro (cont.) Thinking about the fate of plant biomass, many questions come to mind. How much of this plant biomass degrades to CO 2 and H 2 O in place (i.e., the process of mineralization), how much becomes incorporated in the soil below and how much becomes dissolved in pockets of water and is carried away to groundwater and surface water bodies (i.e., solubilization)? How quickly does this happen and do leaves age and degrade at the same rate for all species under all conditions? What are the steps in degradation and solubilization? Does decomposition/degradation and solubilization occur at a constant rate, or an increasing or decreasing rate with time? Is there a lag phase?
4 Materials Containers for leaching & imaging Plastic Culture Flasks (275 ml), Corning #430720; $3.70 each from Fisher Scientific Plastic Aquarium Kritter Keeper (Large), Lee s Aquarium & Pet Products $14 from local pet store Scale (reading in grams) I used a postal scale, but top loading balance is better Plant Biomass Your backyard Tap Water Camera, computer & ADI software
5 10 L aquaria About 7 g of leaves B: Oak/Maple Aged 7 mo Blank: Tap water No leaves I: Goldenrod Fresh
6 zcx
7 Line Tool: Aquaria xcz B Blank I
8 Aquaria vs Bottles Different Pathlengths 9 cm for bottles 32 cm for aquaria (better for low level leaching) Aquaria still have plant biomass Bottles allow separation, or decantation of leaching mixture Aquaria are good for producing large volumes of leachate (~10L) for later testing Bottles (Culture flasks) hold ~75 ml
9 Photographic Image: Bottles Blank in middle Experimental on either side 7g/tank probably too low White background ID labels below
10 line Line Tool
11 Line Tool: Color along line All three B Blank I
12 With image Rectangle Tool
13 Rectangle Tool: I bottle histogram 50
14 Rectangle Tool: Blank bottle blank 64
15 Rectangle Tool: B bottle B sample 42
16 Data Analysis Find location of blue peak for each rectangle on the color intensity scale Calculate difference between this value and the value for the blank (tap water); this is the color lost Plot color lost vs leaching time This will show the accumulation of released colored organic matter from the leaves
17 Leaching Rates Leaching rates from the scientific literature Amount released each week Diminishes with time for some, accelerates for others From: Magill and Aber, 2000 Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 32, pp
18 Composition of an average leaf 250 g/m 2 /yr EABP Highlycolored Some color Dave Reckhow 18
19 Variations based on Species Source: Terrestrial Ecosystems Aber & Melillo 2 nd edition Harcourt Academic Press
20 Colored Compounds Phenolic Acids Readily released, highly colored Lignin Very slowly released, some color
21 Colorless Compounds Simple sugars Readily released, highly biodegradable Starch Easily released and also biodegradable Cellulose & Hemicellulose Slow to solubilize, not easily degraded
22 Constituents degrade at different rates Solubles go first Free carbohydrates are next Bound or Lignified carbohydrates and Lignin are last
23 Solubilization vs Total Loss DOC C loss versus total C loss in mg C. Y axis values are mean leached DOC concentration for the 15 week treatment Maple Oak X axis values are total C loss from litter. Pine Re drawn from Magill and Aber, 2000
24 What to Do for the Leaching Tests? Monday Step 1: decide on plant material to use Step 2: select and weigh out sufficient biomass I d recommend something between 20 and 100 grams Step 3: add biomass to a plastic aquarium Step 4: fill with tap water to 4 cm below top This will give you a total volume of 10 Liters Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday Collect one photographic image of aquarium next to blank Friday Collect final aquarium photo and begin treatment tests
25 Step 1: Select Leaves Biomass smorgasbord Label Short Description Notes A 16 Month Aged Oak/Maple litterfall Partially degraded from 2010 growing season, collected in March 2012 B 7 Month Aged Oak/Maple litterfall Partially degraded from 2011 growing season, collected in June 19, 2012 C 7 Month Aged Oak on Tree Collected from Fitzgerald Lake Conservation area on June 23, 2012 branches that probably fell during the 10/30/2011 storm D 7 Month Aged White Pine Collected from Fitzgerald Lake Conservation area on June 23, 2012 branches that probably fell during the 10/30/2011 storm E Fresh Oak Collected from freshly cut branches on June 23, 2012 F Fresh Cherry Collected from freshly cut branches on June 23, 2012 G Fresh Mulberry Collected from freshly cut branches on June 23, 2012 H Fresh Bittersweet Harvested on June 23, 2012, whole branches I Fresh Goldenrod Harvested on June 23, 2012, whole plants
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