Composting Systems & Methods
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1 Composting Systems & Methods Lyndell Pate Ecoverse Start here or here Compost Facility Feedstock Process Market Feedback Analyze Markets Assess Market and distribute Identify and quantify Compost Facility Develop and adjust recipes or receive feedstocks Process: Grind, Mix, Compost, Cure, Screen, etc. Flow of materials and activities at the compost facility Flow of materials and activities at the compost facility Feedstock receipt Compost facility activities Non compostables Recycle or dispose Feedstock receipt Compost facility activities Non compostables Recycle or dispose Monitoring Feedstock preparation, mixing Active Composting 1 st Stage 2nd Stage Curing Odor control Monitoring Feedstock preparation, mixing Active Composting 1 st Stage 2nd Stage Curing Odor control Water management Overs Dust control Overs Dust control Screening Screening Recycle or dispose? Product analysis Storage and packing Product sales, distribution and use Product analysis Storage and packing Product sales, distribution and use Methods Descriptive Factors Piles Turned windrow Aerated static pile In Vessel Anaerobic Digestion Hybrids Open/freestanding Covered Bins Passive aeration Negative aeration Static Enclosed Contained In vessel Forced aeration Positive aeration Agitated or turned Batch Continuous Systems and Methods Page 1
2 Static Piles Static Pile (not aerated) Passive aeration Advantages Low labor Footprint Disadvantages Little process control Slow Watch out for fires with large piles Assisted Passive Aeration Turned Windrow Most common method Many options to accomplish turning Advantages Breaks up clumps, homogenizes Size reduction Stimulates composting Flexibility, piles can be combined to save space Disadvantages Potential odor release during turnings Turned Windrow Systems and Methods Page 2
3 Turned Windrow Turned Windrow Turned Windrow Extended Windrows/Trapezoidal Piles Trapezoidal Piles Aerated Static Pile Active Aeration (positive or negative or both) Covered or uncovered Advantages Control Footprint Disadvantages Power Drying Mixing Systems and Methods Page 3
4 Aerated Static Pile Active Aeration Air Outlet Air Intake Aerated Bins Systems and Methods Page 4
5 Negative Aeration Negative Aerated Static Pile Covers Porous Covers Porous (ex. Compostex) Micro Porous (ex. MOR and Gore Cover) Impermeable (ex. ECS, Ag Bag, CTI, etc.) Systems and Methods Page 5
6 Positive Aeration/Micro porous Cover Negative Aeration/Impermeable Cover Positive Aeration/Impermeable Bag In Vessel Wide range of technologies Advantages Increased control Minimizes weather impacts Disadvantages Cost Management Trenches or Bunkers Bins and Boxes NatureTech Hot Rot System GMT Earth Tub Systems and Methods Page 6
7 More Boxes: Batch Systems Rotating Drums ECS In Vessel Negative Aeration Anaerobic Digestion Uses microorganisms to break down organic materials and produce biogas Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide Combusted to produce renewable electricity Cleaned to pipeline natural gas standards Further processed into compressed natural gas (CNG) Anaerobic Digestion Goals of AD include: Divert organic materials from landfills and incinerators Generate clean, distributed, renewable energy Restore and maintain healthy soils using compost products Displace chemical fertilizers Systems and Methods Page 7
8 Anaerobic Digestion Low Solids (Wet A/D) Best for pumpable slurries like manure, wastewater and pulped food scraps that are less than 20% solids content. Materials are: Blended, Mixed with heated water and innoculum to kick start the digestion process Pumped into the chamber(s) where digestion and biogas production occur After digestion solids are separated from the liquids and either composted or land applied Anaerobic Digestion High Solids (Dry A/D) Also known as dry fermentation Best for stackable materials like food scraps and yard debris that have a solids content of 25% 50%. Materials are mixed and loaded into digestion chambers using a wheel loader. After two weeks in the digestion system the partially degraded material can be aerobically composted. Hybrids Use other methods at different points in system Active Composting 1 st Stage 2nd Stage Curing In vessel ASP Passive pile for curing ASP Turned windrow Digestion Turned windrow Putting the System Together Considerations Land Environment Goals Tradeoffs Location Budget Potential Growth Process Control Systems and Methods Page 8
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