Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin Swachh Banega India, Tabhi Toh Aage Badhega India

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1 Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin (SBM-G) Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin Swachh Banega India, Tabhi Toh Aage Badhega India Key Features of SBM G The Swachh Bharat Mission is a nationwide sanitation programme aiming to create a Swachh Bharat or Clean India by 2 nd October 2019, which is when the country celebrates Gandhiji s 150 th birthday. It aims to encourage a demand driven need for sanitation through a concerted attempt to bring about a change in the mindset and approach of people towards sanitation. The World Bank has declared the programme as the country s largest-ever drive to improve sanitation, and has also given a loan of 1.5 billion dollars for the achievement of the objective. Earlier, the only option available was to go to the fields early morning or late at night. It was a very unsafe option. The construction of the new latrine in the house is probably the most significant addition to the household." - Rama Devi, Keredari, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand Over the last 30 years, sanitation has formed an important focus area for policy makers in the country with different governments launching programmes such as the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which was restructured as the Total Sanitation Campaign and later renamed as the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. However, despite the schemes, more than half of the population in rural areas still lacks access to improved sanitation facility and defecates in the open. Accordingly, in the latest attempt to address the issue of open defecation and adopt a comprehensive approach to changing mindsets, the Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission, which has two components the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Under the SBM, the Government hopes to achieve a Swachh Bharat by This brief focuses on the SBM (G) and provides an overview of the components of the scheme, the implementation mechanism and the progress achieved by different states under the same.

2 2 An Open Defecation Free India by 2019 The Background In July 2014, the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) released the results from its 69 th round of operations, which focused on Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition. The results highlighted that 59.4 percent households in rural India and 8.8 percent of urban households had no access to latrine facilities. The numbers also revealed a wide gap between rural and urban areas in the country with regards to sanitation facilities. Moreover, the report presented the stark variance between states as 92.7 percent of rural households had access to latrine facilities in Kerala as compared to only 7.5 percent in Jharkhand. Therefore, on October 2 nd 2014, the Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission with the dual objective of improving cleanliness through improved and scientific solid and liquid waste management and providing access to latrine facilities for all households. The idea was to develop a demand driven ecosystem, where the infrastructure is augmented and behavioural change is promoted, to enable a Swachh Bharat by October 2 nd The SBM (G), focusing on rural areas, has been accorded priority by the government and seeks to build on the learning from the Total Sanitation Campaign and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan to achieve the intended objective of creating Open Defecation Free (ODF) GPs. The scheme also focuses on the states along the major river basins as ODF GPs along these areas would contribute to reducing river pollution. The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) is the nodal department for implementing and monitoring the execution of the scheme. As the government goes about implementing the scheme, special emphasis has been placed on generating demand for sanitation services and ensuring comprehensive planning by taking local factors into consideration. This acquires significance since Sanitation is a State subject. Accordingly, the states have been given freedom to design their own implementation strategy with respect to SBM (G) with an eye on the existing situation, socio- economic condition and the delivery mechanism and infrastructure available on the ground. Moreover, the demand has to be met with adequate supply in terms of access to credit, manpower and materials for undertaking construction of toilets as well as availability of technology to facilitate the disposal of garbage and sewage in a safe and sustainable manner. Accordingly, the states are required to prepare an Annual Implementation Plan encompassing details pertaining to the implementation of the scheme. The plan should be a consolidation of all the District- wise Plans, which in turn would be a consolidation of the action plans prepared by the GPs. The centre allocates funds to the states, based on the demand generated and this fund allocation would include the amount required to create awareness through the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) component. The states decide the medium of disbursement of incentives under the scheme and also have the freedom to mobilize some components of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) for conducting the IEC activities. The village, block and district level organizations as well as Self Help Groups (SHGs) under NRLM could be utilized to spread awareness about hygiene and sanitation needs.

3 3 Swachh Bharat Mission From Augmenting Infrastructure to Changing Behaviour The SBM (G) focuses on both infrastructural augmentation and behavioural change in order to widen the net of rural sanitation. For infrastructural augmentation, the SBM (G) provides financial support or incentives to build Individual Household Latrine (IHHL), Community Sanitary Complex (CSC), Rural Sanitary Mart and Solid and Liquid Waste Management projects, among other options. Within the mission, behavioural change through IEC activities has been given equal importance. This is because the focus of the mission is to create an inward demand emanating from households, community centres, schools, anganwadi centres for sanitation services. Through the mission, the importance of hygiene and sanitation should be spread amongst the rural population, which would automatically create a demand for infrastructural sanitation facilities. IHHL Infrastructural Solid & Liquid Waste Management Swachh Bharat Gramin Rural Sanitary Mart IEC Behavioural Inter-Personal Comunication Primary goal of Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin is to create ODF GPs Figure 1: Components of the Scheme As represented in the figure above, SBM (G) aims to spread sanitation through both infrastructural capacity building and behavioural change. Moreover, the scheme seeks to promote the construction of toilets in schools and Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) through the Department of School Education and the Department of Women and Child Development respectively. It also envisages convergence with schemes such as National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) to ensure water availability for sustaining the sanitation facilities created in the GP. Furthermore, in order to take up Solid and Liquid Waste Management projects in GPs, the scheme seeks to leverage existing funding sources such as MGNREGS and MPLADs. This section provides an overview of the infrastructure and behavioural change components that are part of the SBM (G).

4 4 Meeting the Infrastructure Requirement Under infrastructural capacity building, the mission provides incentives at the household, Gram Panchayat (GP) and community level. It is important to remember that these works are created based on inward demand from the concerned unit. The two key components under the infrastructure requirement are IHHL and CSC. Individual Household Latrine IHHL All Below Poverty Line (BPL) households as well as Above Poverty Line (APL) households belonging to groups of SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers and those headed by physically handicapped persons and women are eligible for incentives to build one unit of IHHL. These incentives would be to the tune of INR 12,000 per unit, which could be in the form of cash, construction material or credit vouchers. Households with members who are old age pensioners, widow pensioners, disabled pensioners, pregnant and lactating women and female children would be given priority. It is preferred that the beneficiary of the unit would be involved in construction or it could also be carried out by other agencies. A unit of IHHL should contain water facility and a hand washing mechanism. The cost of the unit is shared between the Centre and the State in the ratio of 75:25. For North Eastern States including Sikkim, as well as Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, the ratio of the Centre State contribution would be 90:10. Community Sanitary Complex (CSC) In some cases, where enough space is not available for construction of individual units, a community sanitary complex with toilet seats and cubicles can be constructed to cater to the hygiene requirements of the people. The complex would be operated and maintained by the GP. Households, which utilize the facilities, can be charged a reasonable monthly fee. The maximum support prescribed for the CSC is INR 2 lakh and the cost can be shared by the Centre, State and community in the ratio of 60:30:10. Additional funds could be organized from Civil Society Organization and CSR, which is up to the discretion of the States.

5 5 Creating Awareness to Bring About Behavioural Change The objective of behavioural change is to create awareness about the importance of hygiene, subsequent to which a demand for sanitation services would be created. A demand based approach to sanitation services could lead to a more sustainable ecosystem for building ownership and ensuring maintainance of the toilets. Moreover, as experience suggests, the community involvement plays a critical role in ensuring accountability at all stages of construction and usage of toilet. Information, Education Communication (IEC) The guidelines of SBM (G) indicate that an Annual IEC plan needs to be made by every district, which would be a part of the Annual Implemetation plan of the State. At the GP level, the IEC activities have to revolve around many themes; the importance of washing hands with soap, menstrual hygiene and the importance of using a toilet amongst other ideas. Information also needs to be spread about cost efficient methods and innovative techniques, which can be employed in the construction of IHHLs. Raising awareness about sanitation would be crucial in bringing an end to or reducing open defacation at the GP level. In order to create maximum impact, IEC activities can be carried out in areas of community congregation, like schools, AWCs, panchayat meetings. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) can play a very important role in undertaking IEC activities at the GP level. Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication like door to door contact by community leaders, active participants, educators has immense potential to increase the impact of IEC activities. A Swachhta Doot or Sanitation Messenger is to be employed in each GP who will overlook the activities of inter personal communication. In GPs with a population of 2000, one Sanitation Messenger would be employed, while more than one can be employed in GPs with higher population. S/he can take the assistance of active SHGs in the region to organize effective strategies for targeted communication regarding the importance of IHHL.

6 6 Developing a Sanitation Supply Chain and Going Beyond Toilets Rural Sanitary Marts In states where it is difficult to procure sanitary materials, a Rural Sanitary Mart could be set up so that materials required for the construction of latrines, vermi-composting, drainage pits, sanitation and hygiene accessories, etc. are easily available. Each block is eligible for one RSM, a block with population over 10,000 could have more than one RSM, which could be operated by the SHGs/Panchayats/NGO. The scheme seeks to leverage the SHG model, which has been established across the country through the various state livelihood programmes, to run the RSMs and create a sanitation supply chain. An interest free loan up to INR 5 lakh could be utilized for setting up of a RSM. This loan would be accrued from the financial resources available under SBM(G). Solid & Liquid Waste Management Solid waste management projects could be in the form of vermicomposting pits and biogas plants. These projects could also include disposal structures for menstrual waste like incinerators in schools and primary health centres. Liquid waste management projects could consist of low cost drainage, small bore system, or a soakage pit. The cost of the project would be shared by the Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25. Additional CSR funds can also be utilized for this project. Awareness about the utility of these projects could be created by IEC activities, subsequent to which a community/gp could make a demand for them. Under the scheme, it is envisaged that each GP would be targeted for the setting up of a SLWM project. The incentive for each GP is dependent on the number of households in the GP. The maximum incentive for a GP with 150 households would be INR 7 lakh, INR 12 lakh for a GP with 300 households, INR 15 lakh for a GP with 500 households and INR 20 lakh for a GP with more than 500 households.

7 7 Implementation Process of SBM (G) The Planning and Implementation Structure SBM (G) focuses on strong coordination and cooperation between multiple institutions, which are operational at different levels. There is special emphasis on facilitating a bottom up planning approach in order to ensure development of a comprehensive mechanism, where the demand is generated and local components are taken into consideration. National Swachh Bharat Mission Set up at the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Secretary, MDWS is the Mission Director State Swachh Bharat Mission (SSBM) Is responsible for convergence with other schemes Preparation of the Annual Implementation Plan for the state District Swachh Bharat Mission (DSBM) Members of the body would include MPs, MLAs of the region. Functions include formulation of IEC strategies, and convergence models. Block Programme Management Unit A Block Sanitation Officer to be appointed. Awareness and Capacity building operation to be carried out by the body GP A Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) to be set up at the GP. Each Ward would have representative in the VWSC. 50% of the members have to be women. Sarpanch/Pradhan would be the head of the VWSC. Priority of the VSWC would be to make the GP ODF at the earliest. Figure 2:Implementation of SBM (G) In terms of the implementation process and operational mechanism, it is also important to highlight that there is a revolving fund available at the district level, which can be accessed by SHGs and other CSOs, who in turn can give loans for the construction of IHHLs. A loan could also be taken from this fund for the construction and operation of a RSM. APL families, which are not covered by the incentives provided for constructing an IHHL, can also apply for a loan from the revolving fund for the construction of the IHHL. The loan for the construction of the aforementioned RSM can be accrued from the revolving fund. Five percent of the allocation at the district level can be utilized for setting up this fund, subject to a cap of INR 1.5 crore. The Centre and State contribution for this fund would be in the ratio of 80:20.

8 8 The Current Status of SBM (G) An Analysis of Performance across States As of 15 th November 2016, a total of 2.8 crore IHHLs have been constructed over the last 3 years i.e , and , under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). This implies that the IHHL coverage has increased to percent of all rural househols as compared to the percent penetration, as reported in BLS More importantly, three states Sikkim, Kerala and Himachal Pradesh have achieved 100 percent toilet coverage and are now classified as open defecation free states. Furthermore, a total of 67 districts have attained the status of ODF. At the same time, the states of Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, which house approximately 50 percent of all households in India have less than 50 percent IHHL coverage and a total combined IHHL coverage of percent, which is much lesser than the national average. However, the silver lining is that MP, UP and Odisha are also among the best performers in terms of actual number of IHHLs constructed since the launch of the SBM (G), together accounting for 23 percent of the total number of IHHLs constructed. Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and Kerala have performed very well in terms of achieving the ODF status for all the GPs in the region. The states with a below par performance are Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand and Odisha. The success of the programme has been varied. However, most states barring a few, have managed to perform reasonably well under the scheme. The scheme has been especially successful in the North Eastern states with only two states Assam and Nagaland reporting less than 70 percent IHHL coverage.

9 9 Convergence of MGNREGS and MLALADs to construct Community Sanitary Complex in Nagrota The Swaniti Experience In May 2015, the Hon ble MLA representing Nagrota (Jammu & Kashmir), Mr. Devender Singh Rana approached Swaniti Initiative with a request to undertake an independent assessment of the sanitation facilities in Nagrota and Dansal, the headquarters of the two blocks falling under his constituency. Based on the subsequent interaction with various stakeholders and a data driven assessment, the team found out that a large majority of the population did not have access to latrines and were forced to defecate in the open. In fact, only 41 percent of the households in Nagrota and Dansal had an IHHL, based on the BLS Moreover, the villagers told us that they were not receiving timely payments for constructing IHHLs, as a result of which many were not willing to take it up. Thereafter, the team internally discussed different possibilities and also met experts from Sulabh International to get a nuanced perspective of the issues pertaining to sanitation in rural areas. The team then studied the model of CSCs and discussed the same with PRI members and block officials to get their inputs on the feasibility in terms of availability of land and manpower for construction of the toilet. The team also explored the possible financial resources available for construction of the CSC and suggested the convergence of MGNREGS and MLALADs to Mr. Rana, who gave a go-ahead for idea. Subsequently, Mr. Rana requested the community to suggest possible spots for construction of the CSC and the community members selected the market area in Nagrota and the PHC in front of the Block Development Office in Dansal. Sulabh International drew the construction plan and the cost was estimated at INR lakh. The project was then sanctioned by the district administration in January Today, both the CSCs have been completed are fully functional and people are using it in large numbers. Challenges from the Ground As our team members visit various sites for their work, they have noticed challenges during the course of their work that impede the working of the scheme on the ground. Delay in Disbursement of Incentive Amount: The amount of INR 12,000 is transferred after the construction of toilets. Beneficiaries from economically weaker sections cannot afford to build the toilets on their own. Even if a particular beneficiary takes materials on credit and constructs the toilet, the delay in receiving the money hampers the credibility of the beneficiary owing to which people don't give materials on credit to other beneficiaries.

10 10 Cost of differentiated terrain not included: For difficult terrain, the cost of constriction does not cover the cost of transportation of the material. For example, a toilet built in Khati village, Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand needs about percent more funds than one built in accessible/plain areas. This is due to the increased cost of transporting materials to these remote locations. Additional provisions for such regions could help in increasing the toilet coverage. The transportation cost of materials at the individual level is too high to make the scheme feasible at the ground level. A system should be developed where the GP arranges the logistics for multiple households thereby significantly reducing the transportation cost per household. Lack of focus on other areas: The increased focus under SBM (G) has been on construction of IHHL, which has lead to sidelining of other services which are offered under the scheme. SBM (G) is not restricted to toilet construction but also entails multiple other factors such as village cleanliness, waste management, IEC activities for community mobilization, provision of sanitary mart, involvement of SHG, etc. However, since authorities are not clear about the various concepts under waste disposal, other services under SBM(G) are ignored by both the authorities and the public.

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