Amending soils for improved hydraulic and edaphic properties. Todd A. Houser, MS, CPSS, CPESC DiGeronimo Aggregates LLC

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1 Amending soils for improved hydraulic and edaphic properties Todd A. Houser, MS, CPSS, CPESC DiGeronimo Aggregates LLC

2 Infiltration Air exchange Plant-available water Rooting depth Microbial biomass Earthworms Nutrient recycling, and Fate and transport of pollutants, etc.

3 Compacted Low infiltration Poor air exchange Low plant-available water Low earthworm and microbial activity Carbon starved Nutrient and ph imbalanced Depositional crust

4 K sat : <0.05 in hr -1 (silt loam, ML) Penetration Resist.: >400 PSI at ~1.5 in. Irrigated lawn Fine roots at ~3/4 in. depth Waterlogged soil (oxidized rhizospheres 7.5YR 5/8 & >20% redox. depletions 2.5Y 5/1 )

5 Fig Need connected macro-pores (0.08 to >5 mm wide*) to drain excess (percolation) water well *Brady and Weil, 2002 Need connected meso-pores (0.03 to 0.08 mm wide*) for plantavailable water during deficit

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7 Bio-retention (redevelopment) Lakewood, Ohio Bio-retention (redevelopment) Cleveland, Ohio

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9 Infiltration Plant-available water Density/penetration resistance Earthworms Microbial respiration Total organic carbon Electrical conductivity & ph Penetrometer Platy structure Earthworm macro-pores (5 to 8 mm wide)

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11 Platy soil structure (failed bio-retention) Vacant land Garfield Heights, Ohio We don t have runoff problems we have an infiltration problem. (Ray Archuleta, NRCS National Soil Health and Sustainability Team) Vacant land Detroit, Michigan

12 Higher vertical pore continuity, lower tortuosity Lower vertical pore continuity, higher tortuosity

13 1 lb. SAND 1 lb. LIMESTONE 1 lb. ESCS 1 lb. GRAVEL 1 lb. SOIL Lightweight, porous ceramic made by expanding and vitrifying select raw materials in a rotary kiln Bulk density is ~1/2 that of other granular materials and soils

14 Soil (size A*) texture: gravelly (~25%) sand (SP) Dry (size A) density: 54 lb. ft -3 (0.86 Mg m -3 ) Ideal density: <103 lb ft -3 (1.6 Mg m -3 ) for sands** Root growth restriction: > 116 lb ft -3 (1.8 Mg m -3 ) for sands** Specific gravity (size A and H): 1.67 Most soil minerals *** Water-Holding Capacity (by weight): 20-23% Specific surface area (EGME): m 2 g -1 Montmorillonite m 2 g -1 *** Coarse sand: m 2 g -1 Raw material: Ohio Shale (unique mineralogy)

15 ph: ~5.5 (Fines, size A*) CEC: ~2 cmol c kg -1 ** Most sands ~0 cmol c kg -1 Mollisol (grassland soil): 24 cmol c kg -1 *** (ph 7, 20% montmorillonite, 4% OM) EC: <1.9 ds m -1 (non-saline) Al : 18% Fe : 6% K 2 0: 4% MgO: 1.7% CaO: 0.9%

16 Size C (3/4 in. x No. 4): >5900 in. hr -1 Size B (3/8 in. x No. 8): >5700 in. hr -1 Size A (No. 4 x 0): >100 in. hr -1 BioBlend (Coarse): >250 in. hr -1 BioBlend (Medium Coarse): >70 in. hr -1 BioBlend (Fine): 1-2 in. hr -1 (rodded)

17 Grassed swale filter media Bio-retention planting soil & gravel media Subsurface gravel wetlands Sand filter media Infiltration trench filter media Wet extended basin/constructed wetland features Tree box filter medium Soil amendment (clayey materials) Green roofs

18 Bio-retention cells that function as constructed wetlands K sat : <0.05 in hr -1 (sandy loam, SM) Penetration Resist.: >400 PSI at ~3 in.

19 Frequent irrigation during warmer months Plantings struggling after ~1 year (July)

20

21 6 in. would be an improvement for many urban soils

22 Every 1% increase in SOM results in as much as 25,000 gal. of plant-available water per acre ( Internet/FSE_MEDIA /stelprdb jpg)

23 Extended Detention/Constructed Wetland enhanced with Haydite BioBlends Haydite BioBlends Inlet Forebay Deep pool Micropool Outlet Shallow water BioBlend (Fine): BioBlend (Medium Coarse): *Adapted from NCSU-BAE (

24 Bio-Retention (internal water storage) enhanced with Haydite BioBlends Haydite BioBlend Haydite Filter Media sizes H, B & C *Adapted from NCSU-BAE (

25 Permeable Pavers enhanced with Haydite Filter Media Haydite Filter Media sizes A, H, B & C Higher specific surface, water-holding capacity, ion exchange and phosphorus sorption than normal weight sand & aggregates *Adapted from NCSU (

26 Soil Restoration & Infiltration enhanced with Haydite BioBlends and Filter Media Deep BioBlends Deep Filter Aggregate Infiltration Trench Haydite BioBlends Haydite Filter Media sizes H, B & C

27 Sand Fine ( mm) Coarse ( mm) Concrete (ASTM C-33) Limestone #4 (~ASTM C-33) Activated Alumina and Aluminum Oxide Zeolite Expanded shale Wollastonite

28 Expanded shale and activated alumina media were more effective than sand and were the only media that consistently met or nearly met the 20 NTU regulatory limit, even without chemical addition. (

29 The key observations to be made here are that the [expanded] shale and activated alumina filters consistently met or nearly met the 0.1- mg/l regulatory limit for total phosphorus. Sand filters (without chemical addition) did not come close to meeting the total phosphorus limit (

30 Results suggest that sand is a poor candidate for long-term P storage, but its efficiency is similar to that reported for many sand, gravel, and rock systems. By contrast, expanded shale and similar products with high hydraulic conductivity and P sorption capacity could greatly improve performance of P retention in constructed wetlands. Recovery and fractionation of phosphorus retained by lightweight expanded shale and masonry sand used as media in subsurface flow treatment wetlands.

31 P Sorption (mg/kg) P Sorption - Haydite Size A (40 mg/l concentration) y = x R² = y = x R² = Time (hours) Haydite size A Linear (Haydite size A ) Power (Haydite size A )

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36 Improved Environmental Quality Filtration Carbon sequestration Heat absorption Healthy urban ecosystem Improved Urban Soil Quality

37 Todd A. Houser, MS, CPSS, CPESC DiGeronimo Aggregates LLC 8900 Hemlock Road Independence, Ohio

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