Jaron Van Dijken Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Alberta June 11, 2009
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1 Jaron Van Dijken Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Alberta June 11, 2009
2 Outline Building a case for next gen solar technology Fundamentals of Organic Photovoltaics (OPV) Challenges, and status of OPV technology Efficiency limits Commercialization efforts
3 Building a case for next gen solar... Solar & PV a pipedream, or could it really work...? More solar energy reaches the earth s surface in one hour than what the entire world uses in one year The electricity demands of the entire U.S. could be met by covering a 100km x 100km area with solar cells at a photoconversion efficiency of 15%
4 Building a case for next gen solar... Solar & PV a pipedream, or could it really work...? More solar energy reaches the earth s surface in one hour than what the entire world uses in one year The electricity demands of the entire U.S. could be met by covering a 100km x 100km area with solar cells at a photoconversion efficiency of 15% 17.5 % of the Mojave desert 0.1 % of the U.S. land mass
5 Building a case for next gen solar... Solar & PV a pipedream, or could it really work...? More solar energy reaches the earth s surface in one hour than what the entire world uses in one year The electricity demands of the entire U.S. could be met by covering a 100km x 100km area with solar cells at a photoconversion efficiency of 15% Yes we can % of the Mojave desert 0.1 % of the U.S. land mass
6 Building a case for next gen solar... Crystalline Silicon technology is mature Physics is well-understood Processing is irreducibly complex Economies of scale already reached...still expensive
7 Building a case for next gen solar... Crystalline Silicon technology is mature Further cost reduction is unlikely, demanding the development of other PV technologies S.E. Shaheen, et. al. MRS Bulletin 30 (2005)
8 Organic PV What is it? Certain organic molecules and polymers: Capture light efficiently (good absorption) Have semiconducting properties Can be processed in solution, at room temperature! (some) Hold the promise of ultra-low-cost solar panels T. Ameri, et. al. Energy & Environmental Science 2 (2009)
9 Organic PV What is it? Certain organic molecules and polymers: Capture light efficiently (good absorption) Have semiconducting properties Can be processed in solution, at room temperature! (some) Hold the promise of ultra-low-cost solar panels Other major advantage: Lightweight and flexible Potential for portable, user-friendly, lightweight, easily integrated consumer products
10 2008 Organic PV History 2007 Efficiencies of OPV devices are quite poor... We re just getting started: Activity has only picked up in last 5 years or so Device physics is only reasonably well understood. Commercialization has barely begun no benefit from economies of scale The potential is great... T. Ameri, et. al. Energy & Environmental Science 2 (2009)
11 Organic PV Fundamentals Limited exciton diffusion length F. Yang, et. al. Nature Materials 4 (2005)
12 Organic PV Fundamentals Limited exciton diffusion length Bulk heterojunction concept F. Yang, et. al. Nature Materials 4 (2005)
13 Organic PV Fundamentals Limited spectral coverage for single layer Tandem cell T. Ameri, et. al. Energy & Environmental Science 2 (2009)
14 Status of OPV technology Polymeric cells (Alan Heeger s group) Small molecule cells (Stephen Forrest s group) Single device Tandem device 5.5% (1) 5.0% (3) 6.5% (2) 5.7% (4) A major improvement from 1.0 %, but need ~ 10 % to be competitive in the market 1. J. Peet, et. al. Nature Materials 6 (2007) 2. J.Y. Kim, et. al. Science 317 (2007) 3. J. Xue, et. al. J. Appl. Phys. 98 (2005) 4. J. Xue, et. al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004)
15 Efficiency limits Are 10% organic solar cells realistic? What is theoretically possible? From Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications (2007): Single device: 5.8% (current materials) 15.2% (optimistic) Tandem device: 10.1% (realistic) 23.2% (optimistic) B. Minnaert, M. Burgelman. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 15 (2007)
16 Commercialization - GPEC Organic Photovoltaics (OPV TM s) Based on the small molecule work of Stephen Forrest s group Flexible and lightweight, semi-transparent (window tinting) Aesthetically pleasing (color tunable) Photo Fuel TM A Cost Efficient and Environmentally Benign Method of Producing Hydrogen Essentially use their OPV technology to power the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen
17 Commercialization - Konarka R. Gaudiana, C.J. Brabec. Nature Photonics 2 (2008)
18 Commercialization - Konarka
19 Summary Organic photovoltaics uses carbon-based materials to make ultra-low-cost solar panels Research in this area expanding extremely quickly Still young...8 years or so Current photoconversion efficiencies are 5~6 %; improvements needed for competitive market entry Large-scale commercialization has recently begun, Konarka being the leader
20 Yes we can...
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