Common Biomedical Waste Management Facility. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

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2 Abbreviations AFR ASTM BMW CBOs CBWTF CPCB CPHEEO EIA EPR GIS GPS HDPE HIGs IEC ISWM KNN KLD LCV HDPE LIGs MIGs MSMED MTA MoEFCC MoUD MSW (M&H) Alternative Fuels and Raw material American Society for Testing and Materials Bio-medical Waste Community Based Organization Common Biomedical Waste Management Facility Central Pollution Control Board Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization Environment Impact Assessment Extended Producer Responsibility Geographic Information System Global Positioning System High-Density Polyethylene High Income Groups Information, Education and Communication Integrated Solid Waste Management Kota Nagar Nigam Kilo Litre per Day Light Calorific Value High-density polyethylene Lower Income Groups Middle Income Groups Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Metric Tonnes Annum Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change Ministry of Urban Development Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Page ii of viii

3 NGO NPC PCC PPE PVC RDF RWA SHGs SLF SPCB TPD TSDF UCCI WHO Non- Government Organization National Productivity Council Pollution Control Committee Personal Protection Equipment Polyvinyl chloride Refuse Derived Fuel Resident Welfare Association Self Help Groups Sanitary Landfill Facility State Pollution Control Board Tons per Day Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility Udaipur Chamber of Commerce and Industries World Health Organization Page iii of viii

4 Table of Contents 1. Municipal Solid Waste Baseline Assessment City Profile Administrative Set up Institutional Capacity Present Scenario of MSWM in Kota Prevailing Practices Pertaining to MSWM in Kota City Primary Collection of Municipal Solid Waste Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning Secondary Storage Bins and Points Transportation of Waste Processing and Disposal of Waste Potential Sources of Finance for MSWM in Kota Legislative Framework governing MSWM Service Provision Role of Stakeholders Gap Analysis in the Existing MSW Management in Kota Storage at Source Primary Collection: Manpower & vehicle requirement for Door to Door Collection, Street sweeping and Drain Cleaning Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Vehicles Sufficiency in treatment, processing & disposal facilities Proposed Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota Waste Minimization Storage of Segregated Waste at Source Primary collection of municipal solid waste Sweeping of streets and public spaces Litter Management Secondary collection of municipal solid waste Transportation of municipal solid waste Transfer Station Processing and Disposal of waste: Sanitary Landfill Facility Proposed Institutional Framework Biomedical Waste Management in Kota Introduction: Bio-Medical Waste Management Present Status: Bio-Medical Waste Management in Kota Number of Health Care Facilities (HCFs) Quantification and Characterization of Bio-medical Waste in Kota Page iv of viii

5 Segregation & Storage of Bio-medical Waste in Kota: Transportation of Bio-medical Waste: Treatment of Biomedical Waste in Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota: Gap Analysis Regulatory Framework Governing Biomedical Waste Management Proposed Strategies for management of biomedical waste in Kota Inventory of bio-medical waste produced Segregation of Biomedical Waste Storage of Biomedical Waste at the HCFs Collection of Municipal Solid Waste from HCFs Transportation of bio-medical waste Establish and Institute a Sharps Management System Waste Reduction Stringent Measures on Waste-picking and Reusing Compliance with BMW Rules, Operational plans for each HCFs and Hospitals Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-medical Waste: Industrial Waste Management Industrial Profile of the city of Kota Number of Industries in Kota City Categorization of Industries (Based on Pollution Index) Hazardous Waste Units in Kota District Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota City Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Kota Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility at Udaipur Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Practice in Kota City Regulatory Framework for Managing Hazardous Waste Proposed Strategies to Manage Hazardous Waste in Kota: Inventory of hazardous waste generation: Detailed Scientific Assessment of Industrial Process Focus on waste from small industries Planning for TSDF Facility Strict Monitoring of Industries Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source Recycling and Reprocessing of Hazardous Waste Compliance with the Regulatory Framework Use of Cement Kilns for Hazardous Waste Incineration Illegal dump sites and remediation: Incentives, Disincentives and Clean up Fund Industrial ecosystem or metabolism Page v of viii

6 List of Tables Table 1.1: Distribution of Ward Wise Population... 1 Table 1.2: Municipal Staff in Kota involved in MSWM... 4 Table 1.3: SWM Workers involved in Door to Door Collection and Street Cleaning... 4 Table 1.4: Sources of Waste and Quantity of Waste Generated... 6 Table 1.5: Physical Composition of Waste in Kota... 6 Table 1.6: Chemical Composition of Waste Collected from Different Sources... 7 Table 1.7: Composition of Waste from Street Sweeping... 9 Table 1.8: Composition of Waste from Drain Cleaning Table 1.9: Number of Bins with Capacity and Open Dumping Points in each Ward Table 1.10: Number of Vehicles and their Capacity Table 1.11: Physical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Table 1.12: Chemical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Site Table 1.13: Important Policies and Initiatives by the Government of India on MSWM Table 1.14:No. of bins required for storage of waste Table 1.15: Primary Collection Vehicles and Manpower Required Table 1.16: Infrastructure and Manpower Required for Primary Collection in Future Years Table 1.17: Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins in Kota Table 1.18: Biodegradable & Non-biodegradable waste fractions Table 1.19: Material flow of waste treated/recycled in short time frame Table 1.20: Proposed treatment and processing solution for waste (Year ) Table 1.21: Material flow of waste (Biomethanization + Composting + RDF) Table 1.22: Material flow of waste (Biomethanation + Waste to Energy) Table 1.23: Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites Table 1.25: Proposed Manpower Requirement for Kota Nagar Nigam (Cities between 5 and 20 Lakh Population) Table 2.1: HCFs and Number of Beds in Kota Table 2.2: Gaps in the Biomedical Waste Management in Kota Table 2.3: Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota Table 2.4: Bio-medical Wastes Categories and their Segregation, Collection, Treatment, Processing and Disposal Options Table 2.5: Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-Medical Waste as per the Type of Waste Table 2.6: Comparison of Treatment Technologies for Bio-medical Wastes Table 3.1: Industrial Process and Emissions in Kota City Table 3.2: Types and Number of Industries Generating Hazardous Waste in Kota District Table 3.3: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in Kota District Table 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in industries in Kota City Page vi of viii

7 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Administrative Setup for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota... 3 Figure 1.4: Street Cleaning in Kishorepura... 9 Figure 1.6: Vehicles Used for Waste Transportation Figure 1.7: Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy Figure 1.8 Types of litter bins Figure 1.9: Essential Components of Sanitary Landfill Figure 1.10: Base Liner Figure 1.11: Surface Liner System Figure 2.1: Distribution of Hospitals and HCFs with beds Figure 2.2: Distribution of beds across Hospitals and HCFs Figure 2.3: Composition of Bio-medical Waste Figure 2.4: Incineration and Equipment Units inside the CBMWTF in Kota Figure 3.1: Distribution of Industries based on size Figure 3.2: Location of Major Industries in Kota City Figure 3.3: Distribution of Industries based on Pollution Index Figure 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota (MTA) Figure 3.5: Relative Production of Hazardous Waste in Kota City Figure 3.6: Hazardous Waste Disposal Practices in Kota District Figure 3.7: Status of Hazardous Waste Management in Kota Page vii of viii

8 1. Municipal Solid Waste 1.1. Baseline Assessment City Profile Area & Population The city covers an area of 527 Sq. Km. (i.e. 3.63% of the State of Rajasthan). The population of Kota is as per Census 2011 is 10,01,365. Recently, the city has restructured its wards to 65 from 60. Ward-wise distribution of population (Census 2011) is given below. Average size of a household is 4.39 persons. Table 1.1: Distribution of Ward Wise Population Ward No. Household Number Population (Census 2011) Page 1 of 120

9 Ward No. Household Number Population (Census 2011) (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) Administrative Set up Kota City is divided into 65 wards,15 sectors and 3 zones i.e. Rampura, Vigyan Nagar and Head Office. Each sector comprises of about 4 to 5 wards. The city administration is under Kota Municipal Corporation (KMC), which is headed by a Municipal Commissioner. Management of Municipal Solid Waste System is an obligatory function of KMC and is managed by the Health and Sanitation department of KMC. This department is headed by the Senior Health Officer. Figure 1.1 provides administrative set up for municipal solid waste management in Kota. Page 2 of 120

10 Figure 1.1: Administrative Setup for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota Institutional Capacity The Health Department is responsible for the provision of solid waste management services in the city of Kota. The Health officer heads the department and reports to the Commissioner and the Additional Commissioner. The overall role of the Health Officer is to ensure the functioning and to monitor the overall municipal waste management system in the entire city. The Health Officer is supported by 3 Chief Sanitary Inspectors who are responsible for monitoring activities at the ward level. The sanitary inspectors at the ward level are responsible for door to door collection and transportation of waste at the ward level permanent sanitary workers in the city are responsible for door to door collection of waste, street sweeping and drain cleaning and transportation. They are supported by 1974 contractual workers who are hired for the purpose of street sweeping. Each sweeper is responsible for 500 m road length. In addition to the municipal workers mentioned above, approximately 1133 informal waste collectors called are also involved in door to door collection of waste in Kota. The table no. 1.2 below gives the details of the designated staff, number of sanctioned posts and no. of workers on rolls. Page 3 of 120

11 Table 1.2: Municipal Staff in Kota involved in MSWM Designation No of Sanctioned posts No. on rolls Vacant Senior Health Officer Health Officer Chief Sanitary Inspectors Sanitary Inspector Zamadar Permanent Sanitary workers Contractual Sanitary Workers Bhisti (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) The table no. 1.3 below provides information on municipal workers and informal workers involved in door to door collection, street sweeping and drain cleaning. Table 1.3: SWM Workers involved in Door to Door Collection and Street Cleaning Temporary Permanent Mixed Informal Total Workers involved in Door to Door Collection Workers involved in Street Sweeping / Road Cleaning Page 4 of 120

12 Workers involved in Drain Cleaning Total (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) Present Scenario of MSWM in Kota Waste Generation Quantity and its Composition Since reliable data on solid waste management was not available in the city, ICLEI SA conducted quantification and characterization study for MSW. Preliminary studies were conducted in the month of May-June 2015, but were halted due to local political issues. A more robust study was conducted for a week in the month of September After a general recce of the city, along with the Kota Nagar Nigam, areas for the study were selected based on different income levels (figure 1.2). It was ensured that household samples represent Lower Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group (MIG), Higher Income Group (HIG) housing and slums. Simultaneously samples from institutions, markets, slaughter house, canteen (mess) and commercial areas was collected and assessed for physical and chemical characterization. Waste samples were collected for a period of 8 days from a consistent set of houses in order to assess the per capita generation of waste and variations in quantity generated. Quartering Method was used for characterization of the collected samples. Figure 1.2: Characterization of Waste Collected from Shakti Nagar Residential Area Currently, it is found that the total municipal waste generated in the city is 273 TPD. The gross per capita generation in the city based on the total waste generated is considered to be 273 gram per capita per day (g/c/d). The municipal waste is primarily generated by domestic households, Page 5 of 120

13 commercial markets, hotels, institutional areas, vegetable markets, fruit markets and slaughter houses. The table 1.4 below tabulates the sources and quantity of waste generated. S. No. Table 1.4: Sources of Waste and Quantity of Waste Generated Sources of Waste Quantity (kg) Quantity (tonnes) Generation 1. Households Commercial Institutional Hotel Mess Slaughter House Vegetable Market Total (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015) Physical Composition The composition of waste collected from different sources like households, commercial areas and hotels are tabulated below (table 1.5). Organic waste constitutes the major portion of waste i.e. 51% which implies that exploring different types of composting might be a feasible idea in the city. Table 1.5: Physical Composition of Waste in Kota Waste Type Households Commercial (%) (%) Hotel (%) Organic Recyclables Plastic Polythene Paper Rubber/Leather 2 Textiles 3 8 Metals 1 Glass 3 Cardboard 3 33 Combustibles 4 Inert 12 Biomedical 3 Hazardous 0 1 E waste 0 Thermocol 0 (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015) Page 6 of 120

14 Figure 1.3: Physical Characterization of Waste from LIG Households Chemical Composition The chemical composition of waste collected from different sources is tabulated below. Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of garb samples were conducted to derive chemical composition of waste (table 1.6). Table 1.6: Chemical Composition of Waste Collected from Different Sources Parameters Residential HIG Residential MIG Residential LIG Commerci al Vegetabl e Market Hote l Proximate Moisture (%) Ash (%) Volatile Combustible Matter (%) Fixed Carbon Ultimate Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) Oxygen (%) Nitrogen (%) Sulphur (%) Page 7 of 120

15 Ash (%) Total Carbon (%) Total Nitrogen (%) C/N Ratio Net Calorific Value 815 Phosphorous (P2O5)(mg/kg) Potassium (mg/kg) Chlorides (mg/kg) (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015) Prevailing Practices Pertaining to MSWM in Kota City Storage of domestic waste at source There is no source segregation taking place at the household level in the city. Waste is usually stored in a bin or polythene bags. Mixing of inert with the kitchen waste is a usual practice with the household. Plastic bottles, glass bottles, tubelights etc. are also thrown along with waste; however, newspapers are sold off to kabadiwalas Primary Collection of Municipal Solid Waste Primary Collection of Domestic Waste Door to door collection of waste is primarily carried by 1,133 dera workers (informal workers) in the entire city. These informal workers have been involved in collection activities since last many years and have monopoly over the areas. Usually, the dera workers are not well-equipped and not in good terms with the Nagar Nigam. Some of the households do pay user fee to the workers but it is not uniform throughout the city. This has resulted in lack of synchronization between the primary and secondary collection of waste. Primary Collection of Waste from Hotels Private waste collectors/ Dera workers have been hired for waste collection from hotels and restaurants who collect waste and dump at secondary storage points. These workers are paid around INR per month Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning Page 8 of 120

16 Street sweeping is done on the basis of beats. In the high density areas, 300m is allocated to each beat worker while it is 500m in less populated areas. There are about 2,792 workers involved in street sweeping and drain cleaning activities in the city. Road cleaning waste is transported to the secondary storage points through about 200 wheelbarrows and 11 small autorickshaws having a capacity of 0.5 tonnes. Road sweeping waste is often mixed with waste from households, shops and restaurants. Physical and chemical characterization of waste samples from street sweeping and drain cleaning was also conducted during the 8 days survey period. Tables below (table 1.7 & table 1.8) give the analysis of waste. Table 1.7: Composition of Waste from Street Sweeping Figure 1.2: Street Cleaning in Kishorepura Physical Composition Waste Type Waste Type Fraction (%) Organic 3.21 Recyclabl es Plastic 1.95 Polythene 4.68 Paper 1.13 Rubber/Le ather Textiles 3.6 Metals Glass 0.9 Cardboard 1.08 Combusti bles 3.15 Inert Chemical Composition Parameters Proximate Moisture (%) 6.10 Ash (%) Volatile Combustible Matter (%) Fixed Carbon 4.91 Ultimate Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) 4.95 Oxygen (%) Nitrogen (%) 1.32 Sulphur (%) 0.01 Ash (%) Total Carbon (%) Total Nitrogen (%) 1.32 C/N Ratio Net Calorific Value 3568 Phosphorous (P 2O 5)(mg/kg) Potassium (mg/kg) Chlorides (mg/kg) (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015) Page 9 of 120

17 Organic Recyclables Table 1.8: Composition of Waste from Drain Cleaning Physical Composition Chemical Composition Waste Type Plastic Polythene 1.6 Paper Rubber/Leather Textiles Metals Glass 0.16 Cardboard Combustibles Inert Waste Type Parameters Drain Silt Fraction Proximate (%) Moisture (%) 40 Ash (%) Volatile Combustible Matter (%) 1.35 Fixed Carbon 5.64 Ultimate Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) 2.32 Oxygen (%) 7.56 Nitrogen (%) 0.17 Sulphur (%) 0.09 Ash (%) Total Carbon (%) Total Nitrogen (%) 0.17 C/N Ratio Net Calorific Value 516 Phosphorous (P 2O 5)(mg/kg) Potassium (mg/kg) Chlorides (mg/kg) (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015) Secondary Storage Bins and Points The waste collected from households and commercial areas, is dumped either in community bins or at open kachra points. A total of 105 bins are placed across the city with the total capacity of tonnes or cum. With the waste being generated at the rate of 273 TPD, the capacity of the bins in the city is exactly half of the waste being generated. The city needs support to strengthen its infrastructure to meet the demands of storage of MSW. There is a need to buy new bins and reallocate the placement to avoid open dumping of waste around the corners of the street. The table below provides the zone wise allocation of bins and also the presence of open dumping points (table 1.9). Table 1.9: Number of Bins with Capacity and Open Dumping Points in each Ward Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) No. of Bins Capacity (cum) Tonnage Open Dumping Points Yes Yes - Page 10 of 120

18 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) No. of Bins Capacity (cum) Tonnage Open Dumping Points Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Page 11 of 120

19 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) No. of Bins Capacity (cum) Tonnage Open Dumping Points Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes - - Yes Page 12 of 120

20 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) No. of Bins Capacity (cum) Tonnage Open Dumping Points Yes Yes Yes - Yes yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes Yes Page 13 of 120

21 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) No. of Bins Capacity (cum) Tonnage Open Dumping Points Yes - - Yes Yes - Yes Yes - Yes Total (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) Figure 1.5: Secondary Storage Bins Transportation of Waste Waste is transported from secondary storage points to the disposal point through the use of dumpers, dumper placers, compactors and small auto rickshaws. Page 14 of 120

22 Contract Owned by Nagar Nigam Holistic Waste Management Plan for Kota 7 dumpers having capacity of 4.5 tonne each. These dumpers carry about 126 tonnes of waste daily in about 4 trips. 14 dumper placers are deployed in the city. 4 out of these can carry two bins of 2.5 cum. each, 3 dumper placers can carry two bins of 3 cum. capacity, 3 dumper placers can carry one 4.5 cum. bin each and four can carry one 7 cum. bin each. The total capacity these dumper placers can carry in average 2 trips is about 79.5 tonnes. 4 compactors are mainly used to carry waste from hostel mess. 11 Auto tippers are also available with the city and can be used for secondary collection based on need. Apart from the above mentioned vehicles, 12 dumpers and 60 tractor trolleys are hired on contractual basis for transporting the waste Table 1.10: Number of Vehicles and their Capacity Vehicle Type Nos. of Vehicles Capacity of Vehicles (Tonnes) Average Trips in a day Total Capacity of Vehicles Total Amount of Waste Transported (tonnes) JCB Dumper Tractor Trolley Auto Rickshaws Need based Dumper Placer (2.5 cum.) Dumper Placer (3 cum.) Dumper Placer (4.5 cum.) Dumper Placer (7 cum.) Page 15 of 120

23 Total waste transported (TPD) Figure 1.3: Vehicles Used for Waste Transportation Processing and Disposal of Waste Presently, there is absolutely no processing of waste taking place in the city. Recyclables are taken away from the secondary storage points and sold off by the informal sector. While the left over, mixed garbage is dumped at the landfill site near Nanta. The composition of waste at the landfill site is tabulated below (table 1.11): Table 1.11: Physical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Waste Type Waste Type Fraction (%) Organic 2.3 Recyclables Plastic 8.59 Polythene 2.56 Paper 1.6 Textiles 1.18 Metals Glass 0.16 Combustibles Inert (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) Page 16 of 120

24 Table 1.12: Chemical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Site Parameters Amount Proximate Moisture (%) Ash (%) Volatile Combustible Matter (%) 9.76 Fixed Carbon Ultimate Carbon (%) 35 Hydrogen (%) 4.52 Oxygen (%) Nitrogen (%) 0.6 Sulphur (%) 0.13 Ash (%) Total Carbon (%) 35 Total Nitrogen (%) 0.6 C/N Ratio Net Calorific Value 2343 Phosphorous (P2O5)(mg/kg) Potassium (mg/kg) Chlorides (mg/kg) (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015) Potential Sources of Finance for MSWM in Kota The extent of service provision by the ULBs is determined largely by the availability and allocation of finances to different services and functions. ULBs are empowered to derive their income from several sources such as taxes, fines, penalties and remunerative enterprises. Apart from the above mentioned sources, local bodies also depend upon grants and loans to meet their financial needs.. The traditional sources of finance for municipal solid waste management activities in Kota include: Local taxes for sanitation that can be included in the property tax. User charges Grants from State and Central Government (newly launched Swachh Bharat Mission, State Finance Commission Grants) Loans from Capital Market, Government/ Financial Institutions (HUDCO/NABARD) Loans from International agencies like the World Bank, ADB, JBIC, KfW Public Private Partnerships Revenue from sale of products from waste processing plants (if owned by the ULB) Page 17 of 120

25 Legislative Framework governing MSWM Service Provision National and Local Policies The Government of India has undertaken a number of initiatives to address MSWM issues in recent years. The High Powered Committee on Urban Solid Waste Management headed by the J.S Bajaj Committee constituted in October 19942, by the Planning Commission immediately post the Surat plague outbreak, made wide ranging recommendations including waste segregation at source, primary collection, levy of user charges, use of appropriate equipment and vehicles, focus on composting and landfilling. Parallel to this, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare initiated a National Mission on Environmental Health and Sanitation while the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) prepared a draft policy paper that detailed funding issues and requirements for MSWM. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) notified the Municipal Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in September The Rules provide detailed guidelines on various aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management and identify the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) as nodal agencies to monitor its implementation directly in the Union Territories and the States respectively. The MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000 have been revised and updated as MSW (M&H) Rules, Other policy initiatives which inform and guide provision of MSWM services include the recommendations of the Technical Advisory Group on MSWM (2005) and the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (2005), the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement Rules (1989, 2008), Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules (1998, draft 2011 and 2015), the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2015 and the E-waste Management Rules, 2011 and 2015, all of which cover specific types of waste generated in Urban Local Bodies, but which are not regulated by the SWM Rules, However, they provide guidance to the management of certain streams of waste which may otherwise inadvertently find their way into the municipal waste streams. The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) introduced in 2008 broadly covers aspects of urban sanitation. Municipal solid waste management is an important focus area in the NUSP. The NUSP stipulates that MSWM should also be covered in the State Sanitation Strategy (SSS) and the City Sanitation Plan (CSP). This requires close linkages between the waste management and the sanitation planning in a particular ULB. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH) approved in 2008 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) highlights the importance of adopting recycling strategies in order to avoid greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are the Rules/Regulations/Policies/ Reforms which guide the municipal solid waste Page 18 of 120

26 management service delivery. Provisions for floating tax free bonds by ULBs, income tax relief to waste management agencies, introduction of double accounting system in ULBs, development of Model Municipal Bye-Laws are other major policy/ regulatory directives which guide ULBs in certain aspects of planning for and operationalizing MSW services. The Swachh Bharat Mission launched on 2 nd October, 2014 with an aim to achieve a Clean India by It consists of two sub-missions SBM (Gramin) for rural areas and SBM (Urban) for urban areas. The mission focusses on promoting modern and scientific municipal solid waste management system along with affecting behavioural change regarding healthy sanitation practices. It also aims at capacity augmentation of ULB s and creating an enabling environment for private sector participation. The mission requires ULB s to prepare detailed project reports (DPRs) having a viable financial model. ULBs are entitled to Central Government Grant in the form of maximum of 20% Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for each project. ULBs shall also get INR 214 per person based on Census 2011 population. Table 1.13 mentions all the important policies and initiatives on MSWM. Table 1.13: Important Policies and Initiatives by the Government of India on MSWM Year Rules/Policies/Schemes/Financial Plans 1989 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules MSW Management- Strategy Paper by NEERI J.S. Bajaj Committee (The High Powered Committee on Urban Solid Waste Management) Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, Hon. Supreme Court Appointed Barman Committee MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2000 Report of the Technology Advisory Group on Solid Waste Management, JNNURM ( )- 40 MSW Projects of INR 2186 Cr sanctioned so far-65 cities covered UIDSSMT ( )- 51 MSW Projects of INR 327 Cr sanctioned so far-632 cities Page 19 of 120

27 covered 12 th Finance Commission ( )- INR 2500 Cr for 423 Class I Cities 2006 Strategy & Action Plan-Use of compost in cities th Five Year Plan ( )- Recommendation investing INR 2210 Cr for MSWM National Urban Sanitation Policy Service Level Benchmarking in MSWM 2008 Hazardous Waste (management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, th Finance Commission ( )- Establishing standards for delivery of essential services Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, The E Waste (management & Handling) Rules, 2011 Draft Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, Swachh Bharat Mission 2015 Revised Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, Role of Stakeholders While the onus of providing municipal solid waste management services in urban areas lies with the ULBs, Central and State Governments have a significant role to play in defining the frameworks within which service provision can be planned and executed by ULBs. The following are identified as prescribed authorities under the Rule and their roles and responsibilities vis-à-vis ensuring the implementation of the provisions of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,2015 are also specified: Level of Government Role Page 20 of 120

28 Central Government Legal & Policy Framework: A. As per the draft SWM Rules, 2015, the Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change (MoEF & CC): 1. Shall be responsible for enforcement of these rules in the country. 2. Shall monitor the activities undertaken by central pollution control board, state pollution control boards and the pollution control committee committees for enforcement of the provisions of the rules. 3. shall constitute a central monitoring committee under the chairmanship of secretary (environment, forest and climate change) comprising of ministry of urban development, central pollution control board and at least three representatives each from state pollution control boards, urban development departments of state governments/ union territories, urban local bodies and subject experts to monitor and review the implementation of the rules and the committee constituted so shall meet at least once a year. B. As per the draft MSW (M&H) Rules, 2015, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) shall: a. take periodic review of the measures taken by the states and urban local bodies for improving solid waste management practices and execution of solid waste management projects funded by the Ministry and external agencies at least once in a year and give advice on taking corrective measures; b. formulate National Policy and Strategy on Solid Waste Management in consultation with stakeholders; c. guide and facilitate States and Union Territories in formulation of state policy and strategy on solid management based on national solid waste management policy and national urban sanitation policy; d. promote research and development in solid waste management sector and disseminate information to States and urban local bodies; e. undertake training and capacity building of urban local bodies and other stakeholders; and f. provide technical guidelines and project finance to states, UTs and urban local bodies on solid waste management to facilitate meeting timelines and standards. Page 21 of 120

29 C. Duties of Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers:- The Department of Fertilisers through appropriate mechanisms may,- a. incentivize the sale of city compost; and b. ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with chemical fertilizers in the ratio of 3 to 4 bags: 6 to 7 bags by the fertilizer companies or whatever quantity is made available to the companies. D. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board.- The Central Pollution Control Board shall: a. co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards and the Pollution Control Committees for implementation of these rules and adherence to the prescribed standards by urban local bodies; b. formulate the standards of ground water, ambient air, leachate in respect of all solid waste processing facilities including composting, incineration, landfilling; c. review environmental standards and norms prescribed for solid waste processing facilities or treatment technologies and update them as and when required; d. review through state pollution control boards or pollution control committees, at least once in a year, the implementation of prescribed environmental standards for solid waste processing facilities or treatment technologies and compile the data monitored by them; e. review the proposals of state pollution control boards or pollution control committees on use of any new technologies for processing, recycling and treatment of solid waste and prescribe performance standards, emission norms for the same; f. monitor through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees the implementation of these rules by urban local bodies; g. prepare an Annual Report on implementation of these rules on the basis of reports received from State Pollution Control Boards and Committees and submit to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and the report shall also be put in public domain; Page 22 of 120

30 h. publish indicative guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than 5 tons per day of solid waste; i. publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of processing and disposal of solid waste to enable urban local bodies to comply with the provisions of the rules; and j. provide guidance to States or Union Territories on inter-state movement of waste. The Model Municipal Law, circulated to all states by MoUD, specifies guidelines for the drafting municipal laws covering all aspects relating to managing the civic affairs, good governance, provision of essential infrastructure & services and raising financial resources for providing the services. The National Municipal Accounting Manual gives guidance for municipal accounting purposes. Sanitation and municipal solid waste management are categorized as separate functions, with a specific function code for solid waste management. Financial Support: The MoUD, through various schemes and missions, provide support to ULBs for providing MSW Management services, as per the Rules. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) are also playing an active role in promoting and providing financial support for composting of municipal solid waste and waste-to-energy projects, respectively. State Government A. The SWM Rules, 2015 indicate that the Secretary-in charge of the Department of Urban Development/ Local Self Government department of the concerned State or the Union territory, as the case may be, shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules in the metropolitan cities. The Urban Development Department in charge of municipal authorities in the State or Union Territory shall: a. prepare a state policy and solid waste management strategy for the state or the union territory in consultation with stakeholders including representative of waste pickers, which shall be consistent with these rules, national policy on solid waste management and national urban sanitation policy of the ministry of urban development within one year Page 23 of 120

31 from the date of notification of these rules; b. shall lay emphasis on waste reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and optimum utilization of various components of solid waste to ensure minimization of waste going to the landfill and minimize impact of solid waste on human health and environment in the state policy and solid waste management strategy; c. ensure implementation of provisions of these rules by all urban local bodies; d. delegate powers to Commissioner/ Director of Municipal Administration/ Director of Local Bodies to monitor the performance of local bodies under their control; e. ensure identification and allocation of suitable land to the urban local bodies within one year for setting up of processing and disposal facilities for solid wastes and incorporate them in the master plans (land use plan) of the state/cities through Metropolitan and district planning committees or town and country planning department; f. direct the town planning department of the state and urban local bodies to ensure that a separate space for segregation, storage and decentralized processing of Solid Waste is demarcated in the development plan for group housing or commercial, institutional or any other non-residential complex exceeding 200 dwelling or having a plot area more than 10,000 square meter; g. facilitate establishment of common regional sanitary landfill for a group of cities and towns falling within 50 km (or more) radius from the regional facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure professional management of such sanitary landfills; h. direct the town planning department of the state to ensure that master plan of every city in the State or Union Territory has provisions for setting up of solid waste processing and disposal facilities except for the cities who are members of common waste processing facility or regional sanitary landfill for a group of cities; and i. arrange for training and capacity building of urban local bodies in managing solid waste. B. Duties and Responsibilities of Commissioner/ Director of Municipal Administration/Director of Local Bodies: Under the supervision and Page 24 of 120

32 control of Secretary-In-Charge of Urban Development/Local Self Government, he shall: a. ensure implementation of these rules by all urban local bodies falling under his control; b. undertake training and capacity building of urban local bodies for management of solid waste; and c. facilitate establishment of common regional sanitary land fill for a group of cities and towns falling within a radial distance of 50km or more from the regional facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure professional management of such sanitary landfills. C. Duties of State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee: The SPCB/PCC shall enforce these rules in their State through urban local bodies in their respective jurisdiction and monitor implementation of these rules at least twice a year in close coordination with concerned Directorate of Municipal Administration or Secretary-in-charge of State urban Development Department; a. monitor, environmental standards and adherence to condition as specified under the Schedule I and Schedule II; b. examine the proposal and make such inquiries as deemed fit, after the receipt of the application for the same in Form I from the urban local body; c. take into consideration, while examining the proposal the requirement of consent under Water and Air Acts, views of other agencies like the State Urban Development Department, the Town and Country Planning Department, district planning committee or metropolitan area planning committee as may be applicable, Airport or Airbase Authority, the Ground Water Board and any other agencies as deemed appropriate who shall be given four weeks time to give their views, if any; d. issue authorisation within a period of sixty days in Form II to the urban local body or an operator of a facility stipulating compliance criteria and standards as specified in Schedules I and II including other conditions, as may be necessary. e. the authorisation issued under clause (d) shall initially be valid for a period of three years to enable the urban local body or operator of the facility to demonstrate the operation of the plant as per the conditions of Page 25 of 120

33 grant of authorisation, environmental clearance, consents for establishment, and contract conditions with the urban local body. f. the authorisation issued under clause (e) shall be suspended or cancelled by the state pollution control board any time, if the urban local body or operator of the facility fails to operate the facility as per the conditions stipulated g. Provided that no such authorisation shall be suspended or cancelled without giving notice to the urban local body or operator, as the case may be. h. on receipt of application for renewal, renew the authorisation for next five years, after examining every application on merit and subject to the condition that the operator of the facility has fulfilled all the provisions of the rules, standards or conditions specified in the authorisation, consents or environment clearance; District Level 1. The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee may, after giving reasonable opportunity of being heard to the applicant and for reasons thereof to be recorded in writing, refuse to grant or renew an authorisation. 2. In case of new technologies, where no standards have been prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, shall approach Central Pollution Control Board for getting standards specified. 3. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, shall monitor the compliance of the standards as prescribed or laid down and treatment technology as approved and the conditions stipulated in the authorisation and the standards specified in Schedules I and II under these rules as and when deemed appropriate but not less than once in a year; and 4. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall give directions to urban local bodies for safe handling and disposal of domestic hazardous waste deposited by the waste generators at hazardous waste deposition facilities. 5. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall regulate Inter-State movement of waste. Duties of District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner: Page 26 of 120

34 The District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner shall: Urban Local Bodies a. Facilitate identification and allocation of suitable land for setting up solid waste processing and disposal facilities to urban local bodies in his district in close coordination with the Secretary-in-Charge of State Urban Development Department within one year from the date of notification of these rules b. Extend support to Secretary-in-charge of State Urban Development in implementation of these rules by all urban local bodies; and c. Review the performance of urban local bodies, at least once in a quarter and take corrective measures in consultation with Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or Director of local bodies and Secretary-in-charge of the State Urban Development The urban local bodies shall,- a. prepare a solid waste management plan as per State Policy And Strategy On Solid Waste Management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and strategy and get it approved from the State Government or Union Administration or agency authorised by the State Government or Union Administration; b. frame bye-laws, incorporating the provisions of these rules and ensure timely implementation; c. prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect the fee from the waste generators for the sustainability of collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid waste; d. direct waste generators not to litter, to segregate the waste at source as prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated waste to the waste collector; e. give direction to waste generators, from time to time, to deposit domestic hazardous wastes at waste deposition centre established by urban local bodies for its safe disposal at hazardous waste disposal facility; f. develop infrastructure for segregation, collection, transportation, storage, processing and disposal of solid waste in their respective jurisdiction either at its own or through public private partnership mode; g. arrange for day to day Collection of segregated bio-degradable and non bio-degradable solid waste or wet waste or dry waste from the door step of all households including slums and informal settlements, commercial, Page 27 of 120

35 institutional and other non- residential premises; h. collect waste from markets in waste of vegetable, fruit, meat and fish market on day to day basis and promotion of setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation plant at suitable locations in the markets; i. separately collect waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on alternate days or twice a week depending on the density of population, commercial activity and local situation. Such waste shall not be mixed with the wet, dry or any other form of solid waste; j. separately collect horticulture, parks and garden waste with focus on onsite processing in the parks and gardens; k. transport segregated bio-degradable (wet waste) to the processing facilities like compost plant, bio-methanation plant or any such facility; l. transport non-bio-degradable (dry waste) including wrapped sanitary waste to the respective processing facility or material recovery facilities (MRF) or secondary storage facility; m. transport inert waste (non- recyclable, street sweepings and silt collected from the surface drains) directly to disposal facility; n. transport horticulture and garden waste to the appropriate processing facility; o. transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions contained un chapter 2 of these rules; p. provide easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; q. establish domestic hazardous waste deposition or delivery centres in city or town in a manner that one centre is set up for the area of twenty square kilometers or part thereof and notify the timings of receiving domestic hazardous waste at such centres; r. ensure safe storage, transportation of the domestic hazardous waste to the hazardous waste disposal facility or as may be directed by the state pollution control board/ committee; s. involve communities in municipal waste management and promotion of decentralised processing of waste; t. facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste processing facilities and associated infrastructure in house or with private Page 28 of 120

36 sector participation or through any agency for optimum utilization of various components of solid waste adopting any of the following technologies and adhering to the guidelines issued by the ministry of urban development and central pollution control board from time totime and standards prescribed by central pollution control board and preference shall be given to decentralise processing to minimise cost and environmental impacts: i. bio-methanation, microbial composting facility, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate processing for biostabilisation of wet biodegradable wastes; ii. waste to energy processes for conversion of dry non- recyclable combustible fraction of waste into energy or supply as feedstock to solid waste or refused derived fuel based power plants or cement kilns or like; and iii. construction and demolition waste processing facility for optimum utilization of construction and demolition waste making aggregates, bricks, paver blocks or any other useful product. v. undertake in house or through any other authorised agency, construction, operation and maintenance of Sanitary landfill and associated infrastructure as per Schedule 1 for disposal of residual wastes as permitted under the rules and the CPCB guidelines issued from time to time; w. make adequate provision of funds for capital investments as well as operation and maintenance of solid waste management services in the annual budget ensuring that funds for discretionary functions of the urban local body have been allocated only after meeting the requirement of necessary funds for solid waste management and other obligatory functions of the local body as per these rules; x. make an application in Form-I, for grant of authorisation for setting up waste processing, treatment, recycling or disposal facility including landfills from the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be; y. submit application for renewal of authorisation at least sixty days before the expiry of the validity of authorisation; z. close down, remediate wherever feasible and cap the existing dumpsites, Page 29 of 120

37 which are not engineered landfill sites as per the provision of these Rules within the time frame prescribed under rule 8; za. prepare and submit annual report in Form IV on the status of compliance of these rules during the calendar year on or before the 30 th April of the succeeding year to the Commissioner or Director Municipal Administration who in turn shall send the same to the Secretary-In-charge of State Urban Development Department and to the respective State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 31 st May of every year; zb. educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door to door collection of segregated waste and transporting the unmixed waste during primary and secondary transportation to processing or disposal facility; zc. ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment namely uniform, fluorescent jacket, hand gloves, appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers for handling solid waste and its use by the workforce shall be ensured; zd. prior to the approval of building plan of a group housing society or market complex, ensure that the plan has provisions for setting up of waste collection centers for segregated collection and storage of wastes; and ze. frame bye-laws and prescribed criteria for levy of spot fines to person who litters or fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and delegate powers to appropriate officers or urban local bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and zf. create public awareness through Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign and educate the waste generators on the following: i. not to litter; ii. minimise generation of waste; iii. reuse the waste to the extent possible; iv. practice segregation of wet bio degradable waste, dry recyclable and combustible wastes and domestic Page 30 of 120

38 hazardous wastes at source; v. wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in a newspaper or suitable bio-degradable wrapping material and place the same in the domestic bin meant for non bio-degradable waste; vi. storage of segregated waste at source; vii. handover segregated waste to waste pickers, recyclers or waste collection agencies; and viii. pay monthly user fee or charge to waste collectors or urban local bodies or any other person authorized by the urban local body for sustainability of solid waste management. Page 31 of 120

39 1.2. Gap Analysis in the Existing MSW Management in Kota Storage at Source As discussed in the previous sections, in the absence of door to door collection of waste, open dumping is prevalent in Kota. In order to sensitize citizens and motivate them to segregate and store waste separately, it is recommended that Kota Nagar Nigam (KNN) should conduct consistent and intense awareness generation activities. Distributing bins initially in the first phase is also proposed to generate interest and responsibility among citizens. Table No provides the numbers of bins that will be required in Kota. Table 1.14:No. of bins required for storage of waste No. of Households As per projected population in 2015 No. of bins (2 each) bins to each household to propagate segregation of waste into two categories: wet and dry Primary Collection: Manpower & vehicle requirement for Door to Door Collection, Street sweeping and Drain Cleaning Currently door to door collection of waste is being practiced in very few wards by informal sector (dera workers) which is also not uniform in the city. There is a need to institutionalize door to door collection of waste in the city to prevent open dumping and littering. In order to provide the service of door to door collection of waste and ensure regular service, the following infrastructure and manpower requirement is proposed: Push carts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity for slums and narrow congested areas Auto tippers (with a capacity of 1. cum) for other residential areas (MIGs and HIGs), vegetable and fruit market, hotels canteen waste and slaughter house waste E rickshaws (capable of transporting 800 Kg of waste) for collecting waste (mostly dry recyclables) from commercial and institutional areas. Table 1.15 below summarizes the proposed requirements based on projected population and waste generation in Kota for year The projections are based on the following: Population: (Census, 2011) Average household size: 4.39 Population of slum (31.54%): (Year 2011) Average Household size in slums: 5 Annual growth rate: 4.79 Per capita waste generation rate (2015): 273 g/c/d Projected Population (2015): Projected Waste generated (2015): 295 TPD Per capita waste generation rate is projected using the factor of 1.5% for changes in life style and socio-economic conditions of the city Page 32 of 120

40 Primary Collection Vehicles YEAR 2015 Push Carts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity Table 1.15: Primary Collection Vehicles and Manpower Required Capacity No. of trips No. of Manpower Properties of Vehicles made by Vehicles Required Catered by (tonnes) Vehicles required Vehicles (average) Households in LIGs/Slums Further Explanation Push carts will be used in slums and areas with narrow congested roads. Considering that there will be secondary bins in vicinity, the push carts will be able to make at least 2 trips. However, it is also realized that 1 Push Cart will not be able to cover more than 100 Households. Auto Tipper Households (MIGs and HIGs + Vegetable and Fruit Market +Slaughterhou se Waste) Each push cart will need 1 worker Auto tippers will be used for collection of waste from the rest of the city except slums At least 12 Auto Tippers should be used specially for vegetable waste and mess and hotel waste (20 TPD) At least 7 Auto Tippers should be used for collection of waste from slaughterhouses Each auto tipper will need 1 driver and 1 helper Page 33 of 120

41 Primary Collection Vehicles Capacity of Vehicles (tonnes) No. of trips made by Vehicles (average) No. of Vehicles required Manpower Required Properties Catered by Vehicles E rickshaws Commercial and Institutional Areas Further Explanation E rickshwas will be used only for collecting waste (mostly dry recyclables) from commercial and institutional areas. In 2016, 18 TPD of waste can be transported by E rickshaws Each E Rickshaws will need 1 driver and 1 helper Presently, KNN has only 100 pushcarts available; which are used as need based. hence there is a gap of 192 push carts; 224 auto tippers and 14 E rickshaws Around 528 sanitary workers are required for primary collection of waste. Either the work is reallocated among the existing municipal sanitary staff or the outsourced staff (2134 in numbers) should be delegated for the above task. KNN should also look into the possibility of engaging Self Help Groups (SHGs)/NGOs who can provide manpower for primary collection. Also SHGs/NGOs can simultaneously conduct awareness generation and IEC activities for promoting segregation at source. Following table no provides the numbers of each type of vehicle that are required for primary collection based on waste projection for years 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 (considering parameters mentioned in table 1.15 above). Page 34 of 120

42 Table 1.16: Infrastructure and Manpower Required for Primary Collection in Future Years Primary Collection Vehicles Year 2020 Manpower Required Year 2025 Manpower Required Year 2030 Manpower Required Year 2035 Push Carts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity Manpower Required Auto Tipper E rickshaws (only for commercial +institutional areas) Page 35 of 120

43 Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins The baseline assessment for Kota suggests that the current capacity and number of bins being provided in the city is far lower than the requirement, to be able to store the waste being generated. Presently, there are 105 bins with capacity of TPD. Also, it is found that there is a need for relocation and optimization of sizing of bins as per the population of each ward and waste being generated in each ward. Briefly summarizing the present capacity vis a vis required capacity of bins in Kota: Waste being produced in the city: 295 TPD 1 Number of bins: 105 Present capacity of bins: TPD 2 Kota Nagar Nigam is planning to buy 25 bins of 7.5 cum capacity; augmenting the capacity: TPD Gap (additional numbers of bins with capacity) to meet store generation of waste: TPD Also, as per the CPHEEO norms, KNN should be able to provide for 200% more storage capacity than the expected waste generation daily. Therefore, to meet the requirements: Capacity of secondary storage to be provided considering an additional 200% storage : 590 TPD (200% of 295 TPD) Gap considering 200% more storage capacity: 322 TPD Ward wise assessment of sufficiency of secondary storage is given in the table no below. The table also indicates wards where there is a potential for optimization of bin placement. 1 Projected for year As provided by Kota Nagar Nigam Page 36 of 120

44 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) (A) No. of Bins (B) Table 1.17: Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins in Kota Capacity (cum) (C) Capacity of Bins (Tonnage) (D) Open Dumpin g Points Amount of waste being produced in each ward (TPD) (E) GAP (TPD) (F=E-D) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Proposed Measures Yes 4.62 (-) Optimization of bin locations Yes Yes 4.39 (-) Optimization of bins location and sizing is required Yes Page 37 of 120

45 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) (A) No. of Bins (B) Capacity (cum) (C) Capacity of Bins (Tonnage) (D) Open Dumpin g Points Amount of waste being produced in each ward (TPD) (E) GAP (TPD) (F=E-D) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Proposed Measures Yes 4.43 (-) Optimization of bin numbers Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 0.89 (-) Optimization of bin locations as the amount of waste being produced is much more than bins capacities provided Yes Yes Page 38 of 120

46 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) (A) No. of Bins (B) Capacity (cum) (C) Capacity of Bins (Tonnage) (D) Open Dumpin g Points Amount of waste being produced in each ward (TPD) (E) GAP (TPD) (F=E-D) Yes Yes Yes Proposed Measures Yes 4.33 (-) Optimization of bin locations and numbers Yes yes 4.39 (-) Optimization of bin locations and numbers Yes 4.75 (-) Optimization of bin locations and numbers (-) Optimization of bin locations and size Yes Yes (-) Optimization of bin locations Yes 4.67 (-) Optimization of bin size Yes 4.25 (-) Yes Yes Yes 4.20 (-) Optimization of bin locations Yes 4.11 (-) Optimization of bin locations. Too many bins in one ward Yes Page 39 of 120

47 Ward No. Size of Bins (cum) (A) No. of Bins (B) Capacity (cum) (C) Capacity of Bins (Tonnage) (D) Open Dumpin g Points Amount of waste being produced in each ward (TPD) (E) GAP (TPD) (F=E-D) Yes Yes Proposed Measures Yes 4.14 (-) Optimization of bin sizing and locations Yes 4.12 (-) Optimization of bin locations Total It is suggested that Kota Nagar Nigam should immediately provide for bins to meet the entire capacity of waste being generated i.e 295 TPD. o o o o It is suggested to procure the following to provide for 28 TPD of waste: 5 bins of 4.5 cum capacity (9 TPD) 4 bins of 7.5 cum capacity (19 TPD) Further, it is also recommended that KNN should also work plan towards providing more 200% more storage capacity than the expected waste generation to meet the CPHEEO norms. It is suggested to procure the following to provide for 322 TPD of waste: 30 bins of 4.5 cum capacity (135 TPD) 25 bins of 7.5 cum capacity (187.5 TPD) Page 40 of 120

48 Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Vehicles The baseline assessment clearly indicates that there is no infrastructure gap as far as transportation of waste is concerned in Kota. KNN has enough number of vehicles which could transport double the quantity of waste being produced. KNN needs to reformulate routing of its vehicles to ensure regular evacuation of waste. Transportation of waste is also one of the major sectors where maximum cost is involved. Hence, monitoring and improving its efficiency will also lead to a major cost saving for the Nagar Nigam. The proposed strategies are discussed in the next chapter Sufficiency in treatment, processing & disposal facilities Presently, there is no treatment and processing facility available at Kota Nagar Nigam. All the waste being produced is usually dumped at the unlined landfill site/solid waste dump site. Further actions for treatment and disposal facilities are discussed in the next chapter. Page 41 of 120

49 1.3. Proposed Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota The overall objective of this holistic waste management plan is to achieve a safe, healthy and sustainable environment by managing waste generated from all the sources viz. households, commercial, industrial and hospitals by integrating technical, managerial, institutional and financial interfaces. The idea of holistic approach to waste management is to shun the traditional silo approach towards sectoral management of waste and promote maximum resources utilization, improved efficiency and hence a step towards circular economy. The proposed plan for the city of Kota is based on the following premises: Holistic approach to all the waste streams will not only maximize benefits in terms of health, hygiene, environment but will also have economical advantages Holistic approach to waste will also maximize the opportunities for resources recovery at all stages of waste management- from generation to disposal Facilitates greater resources use efficiency thereby promoting circular economy Integrates different aspects of waste management like technical, institutional, financial, policy etc. to maximize the benefits Based on the above philosophy and also with the goal of meeting the compliance with the revised Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, the plan for Kota Nagar Nigam (KNN) encompasses the principles of Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy (figure1.7). Figure 1.4: Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy 3 3 CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016 Page 42 of 120

50 Waste Minimization Waste minimization forms the core of the Holistic Waste Management Strategy to ensure that health and environmental impacts of waste can be minimized as well as the land required for disposal of waste can be optimized over the long-term. At the local level, Kota Nagar Nigam needs to promote waste minimization by framing rules and local bye laws and enacting local ordinances banning use and/or sale of certain types of products and packaging that cannot be reused, repaired, recycled, or composted. Proposed Actions Conduct awareness generation and education programs with focus on at source reduction programs like household level composting; yard waste composting etc. Conduct campaigns for reducing the use of specific non-recyclable, non-reusable or toxic material like promoting the use of rechargeable batteries instead of single use batteries Replacing disposable materials and products with recyclables and reusable materials and products (e.g. banning the use of plastic bags). Introduce incentives for communities practicing 3Rs i.e Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Apart from individual citizen participation, there is also a need for the local stimulation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)-financed, voluntary industry initiatives which are also linked to the social responsibility policies of companies. Kota Nagar Nigam needs to promote these partnerships through active information, education and meetings with key producers/businesses to introduce, facilitate and enable waste minimization Storage of Segregated Waste at Source As per the revised MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, it is the duty of waste generators to segregate waste into at least 3 types viz. dry waste, wet waste and domestic hazardous waste and store it separately. Citizens need to be made aware and sensitized towards segregation. It is recommended for KNN to distribute bins in the city and promote segregation at source. Segregating waste at source will ensure that waste is less contaminated and can be collected and transported for further processing. Proposed Actions Intense IEC activities to sensitize citizens to segregate waste at source Distribution of at least 2 bins to each and every household, training the citizens to segregate waste into three types i.e dry waste, wet waste and domestic hazardous waste. Blue colored bins to be used for dry waste while wet waste should be stored in green colored bins KNN should provide for a collection centre for domestic hazardous waste Page 43 of 120

51 KNN should also focus on bulk waste generators like hostels, mess, canteens, restaurants and hotels and ensure waste segregation is practiced. KNN should introduce and implement an incentive/disincentive program to promote segregation at source Also, KNN should look into the possibility of imposing fines/penalty against open dumping and littering Table 1.18 lists indicative constituents of each of the three segregated fractions. Table 1.18: Biodegradable & Non-biodegradable waste fractions Food wastes of all kinds, cooked and uncooked, including eggshells Bio-degradable Waste/ and bones, flower, fruit and Wet Waste waste including juice, vegetable peels and household garden/plant (GREEN BINs) wastes. Soiled tissues, Food wrappers, Paper towels Non-biodegradable Waste/ Dry Waste with further subsegregation (BLUE BINS) Domestic Hazardous Waste Paper, cardboard and cartons Containers & packaging of all kinds excluding those containing hazardous materials Compound packaging (tetrapack, blisters etc.) Plastics Rags, Rubber, Wood, Discarded clothing, Furniture Metals, Glass (all kinds), Inerts, House sweepings and inerts (not garden, yard or street sweepings) Discarded paint drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube lights, expired medicines, broken mercury thermometers, used batteries etc Primary collection of municipal solid waste In the absence of any systematic primary collection of municipal solid waste from household, people have been practicing open dumping and littering since long time. In some of the wards, informal sector (dera workers) is collecting waste from households but this practice is also not uniform throughout city. Providing for primary collection of waste is the first step towards an effective waste management system and KNN needs to build its capacity in terms of infrastructure as well as manpower to be able to provide for this service. The primary waste collection system in residential areas can be a mix of motorized door to door collection (auto), manual waste collection in areas inaccessible by vehicles and individual disposal at the community waste bins. The commercial establishments including hotels, restaurants, mess and canteens should be covered by door to door collection. The vegetable and meat waste needs to be collected separately as well. Proposed Actions An appropriate system of primary collection of waste should be designed by the KNN which should synchronize with transportation of waste ensuring that the waste collected reaches the processing or disposal site through a containerized system. Door to door collection of waste from residential, commercial, institutional and vegetable markets should be provided on a daily basis. Page 44 of 120

52 o o As per the CPHEEO Norms, following is suggested: Pushcarts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity each to be provided to collect waste from slums and higher density areas with narrow, congested roads Auto tippers should collect waste from residential areas like HIGs and MIGs. Biodegradable waste is collected in the auto tipper and separate bags are using for collecting dry recyclables. Few auto tippers (12 in nos 4.) should be dedicated to collect waste from vegetable market and hotels/restaurants and mess and deposit at the decentralized biomethanation plant. E rickshaws (18 in nos.)should be used for collection of dry waste from commercial and institutional areas Infrastructure and manpower that is required for primary collection of waste is already proposed in the previous chapter. Self Help Groups (SHGs)/NGOs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) should be mobilized to generate awareness among citizens towards segregation of waste as sources and avoid open dumping. KNN should also train and capacitate informal sector to augment the existing municipal workforce in providing for door to door collection. Informal sector can be institutionalized and provided with necessary infrastructure. Domestic hazardous/ toxic waste material should be deposited by the waste producers in special bins that may be provided by the KNN at various places in the city for depositing such wastes. KNN should also levy user charges for providing the primary collection of waste in order to ensure financial sustainability of the system. Levying of user charges can be done in phases based upon the socio-economic conditions of the wards and crosssubsidization should be considered for slums and LIGs Sweeping of streets and public spaces Street sweeping should be done on daily basis. All SWM services are to be provided daily, including Sunday and public holidays. It is necessary to have a well-planned, time-bound daily system for street sweeping including adequate staffing and equipment. Proposed Actions: A list of roads and streets together with their length and width should be prepared and a program for their daily cleaning needs to be worked out by KNN keeping in view the norms of work (yardsticks) prescribed: o High density roads: 1 person per running meter road length o Medium density roads: 1 person per 500 running meter of road length o Low density roads: 1 person per 750 to 1000 meter of road length Roads and streets sparse habitation which do not require daily cleaning may be put in a separate group and may be taken up for need-based cleaning on alternate days, twice a 4 As calculated in Table No.1.2 Page 45 of 120

53 week, once a week or occasionally, as considered appropriate. The sweepers also should be assigned for cleaning the streets in slums and unauthorized settlements to ensure hygienic conditions in the city and prevent the problems of health and sanitation arising in such areas. Depending upon the density of slums, length of the street may be allotted to the sweepers keeping in view the above yardsticks. A timetable should be prepared for cleaning of open public spaces daily or periodically to ensure that they do not become dump yards and remain clean. Use of appropriate tool plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the work force. Presently most of the tools utilized by the sanitation workers are inefficient and outdated and need to be replaced by efficient tools and equipment. Each sweeper engaged in street sweeping should be given dedicated handcarts/wheel barrows for ease of transporting waste. Such vehicles should be lockable with a chain arrangement. Each street sweeper shall also in parallel continue drain cleaning to remove silt from underground drains / manholes to ensure that street sweeping is not dumped into drains. It needs to be ensured that street sweepings and drain silt are not mixed with household wastes to avoid contamination. This needs focus especially when the segregated waste from households will be further processed in biomethanation and composting plants. Sweepers shall be sensitized not to burn waste on the street and in each ward the Sanitary Inspector will be responsible for ensuring availability of equipment metal plate/tray and long handle brooms on a regular basis Litter Management Litter bins should be provided in public areas like markets, bus stands etc to avoid littering and open dumping. Proposed Actions KNN needs to procure litter bins with capacity of 100 litres to be provided in public areas Twin litter bins will be provided for separate collection of biodegradable waste and recyclable waste. It should be ensured that litter bins are emptied regularly at scheduled time in order to avoid spillage and odor issues. The figure below (Figure 1.8) provides few models of litter bins that can be used for Kota. Page 46 of 120

54 Figure 1.5 Types of litter bins Secondary collection of municipal solid waste Currently waste collected from households is either deposited in street corner community bins or open kachra points leading to unhygienic conditions. Though the ultimate goal of the city should be to become a bin-less city, the short term goals should focus on providing for community bins of adequate capacity and at locations to prevent open dumping. Proposed Actions KNN needs to identify the locations where community bins should be placed based on the density of population and the quantities of waste to be deposited at each location. All open dumping sites should be cleaned expeditiously and all unhygienic dust bins and other cement and masonry bins, if any, should also be replaced; in a phased manner. Most of the bins are open and are in a dilapidated condition presently; these bins need to be replaced immediately. The adequate capacity of bins required for the city is calculated and provided in the previous chapter. In slums and areas with narrow congested roads, community bins of suitable size ranging from 4 cum to 7.5 cum capacity shall be placed at suitable locations to facilitate the storage of waste generated by them. The distance between the bins can be determined on the basis of the load of garbage/refuse that is likely to be received at the container from the area concerned. However, presently looking at the number of open dumping points in Kota, it is suggested that the distance between 2 bins should not exceed 500 meters. It should be ensured that the secondary waste storage containers are synchronized to the 5 India Mart. Available at: Page 47 of 120

55 design of transportation vehicles to minimize waste spillage and manual handling A detailed study of route planning will be required to assess the location of C&D bins, transfer stations and street corner bins. The long term goal for the city of Kota should be to synchronize primary collection and secondary collection, thereby avoiding the need for secondary storage bins/depots Transportation of municipal solid waste Waste is transported from secondary storage points to the disposal point through the use of dumpers, dumper placers, compactors and small auto rickshaws. As highlighted in the previous chapters, the numbers and capacity of vehicles transporting waste is almost twice the amount of waste being produced. However, since the vehicles are not used to their optimum capacity, they remain underutilized resulting in waste strewn all over the city. Since the collection and transportation of MSW usually accounts for more than 50 percent of the municipal budget, it is necessary to plan and design the system. Proposed Actions KNN needs to plan and design the frequency of transportation of waste to prevent overflowing of waste from the containers/trolleys and dustbins. The transportation of waste from the secondary bins should be planned in accordance with the frequency of containers becoming full. The locations where the containers are placed may be grouped into four categories as under: o Containers which are required to be cleared more than once a day. o Containers which are required to be cleared once a day. o Containers to be cleared on alternate days. o Containers which take longer time to fill and need clearance twice a week. In order to improve the efficiency of waste collection, it is necessary to ensure route optimization. Collection routes should be effectively planned to minimize transport distances and ensure an equitable distribution of workload amongst staff. All the vehicles may be utilized in at least two shifts, depending on waste generation, to lift all containers, to ensure full utilization of the fleet of vehicles and to limit the size of the fleet in total. Fleet management is another area that needs attention in Kota. Since waste-transport vehicles have a useful life of 8-10 years, financial planning must ensure timely replacement of vehicles older than 10 years to minimize down time and repair costs. The implementation of advanced spatial tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) teamed up with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) can work as an effective methodology for monitoring and tracking of fleet movement. The workshop, public or private, should have adequate technical staff, spares and preventive maintenance schedules to ensure that at least 80% of the vehicles remain on the road each day and the down time of repair/maintenance is minimized to the extent Page 48 of 120

56 possible. Spare assemblies should be kept available which could be given as replacements until necessary repairs are carried out Transfer Station Waste transfer stations act as an intermediate step between door step garbage collection and transport to the final treatment/disposal site. Waste transfer stations are sized and designed on the basis of distance between the processing plant and the city. As a general thumb rule, the need for transfer station will be assessed only if the one-way travel distance to disposal site or processing is more than 15 km or over 30 minutes from the collection areas. The basic objective of transfer station is to serve as the principal link between collection, consolidation and compression of garbage from multiple sources and its subsequent economical transportation to its final disposal site. Typically, at a waste transfer station, garbage is received, compacted and then further loaded into larger, long haul vehicles or rail carts as the case may be, for their transportation to their final disposal site. The final disposal site could be a landfill or a waste to energy plant or a recycling or composting facility. Thus a waste transfer station acts as a temporary holding area for the collected garbage and hence it does not require large area. Compaction allows collection crews to make fewer trips for the same volume of wastes, thus giving them more time to collect wastes from individual communities/ areas. Consequently, fuel and vehicular maintenance costs are reduced and inconvenience caused by traffic and generated noise pollution is diminished. Depending on the location of the upcoming Waste to Energy Plant for Kota, requirement of transfer stations can be assessed in future Processing and Disposal of waste: Presently, there is no processing of waste taking place in Kota. Informal sector segregates recyclables and sells them off while the rest of the waste is dumped at the dumping site at Nanta. Realizing that the waste can be recycled and also the paucity of land and environmental hazards of continued dumping in near future, it is recommended that Kota Nagar Nigam should take a step ahead to process the waste based on the techno-economical suitability of the treatment technology. KNN has already finalized the bids for a mixed waste to energy plant, capable of tackling all the mixed waste generated in Kota. In the meanwhile, mixture of decentralized and centralized solutions for waste treatment is proposed for KNN as follows: Decentralized: biomethanation plant for waste from vegetable and fruit market, hotels, restaurants, canteens and mess Decentralized: biomethanation plant for slaughter house waste Centralized: Composting along with Refuse Derived Fuel Plant Centralized: Waste to Energy (Mass burn incineration) Landfill for inert material and rejects from processing plant Page 49 of 120

57 Based on the analysis of baseline situation of the Kota, the following measures are proposed for the city which is divided into short term and long term. Short Term Solutions (Within 1-2 years i.e ) Decentralized Biomethanation Plant for biodegradable waste from vegetable and fruit market Biomethanation Plant for wastes from slaughter house Recyclables to be segregated and sold off to the kabadiwalas. Kota has a huge market where recyclables are bought and further sold off to traders outside the city for reprocessing. Rest to be dumped at the dump site due to lack of processing and treatment facility. Medium Term Solutions (Next 2-5 years i.e ) (In addition to biomethanation plants mentioned above) Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant( Composting Plant along with RDF) OR Waste to Energy plant based on thermal technologies (e.g. mass incineration/pyrolysis) Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated) for next 20 years Short Tem Solutions There is an immediate need for setting up a decentralized waste treatment plant to process the incoming waste. The immediate solution could be setting up of decentralized biomethanation plant for biodegradable waste from vegetable and fruit market, hotels, restaurants and slaughter house waste. Being smaller in capacity, the decentralized plants will not be cost intensive and can be managed at the local level by involving community. Recyclables should be segregated and sold off to generate additional income Rest of the waste will be dumped on the dumpsite The table below (Table no.1.19) gives material flow of biodegradable waste that can be treated / processed and recyclables that can be sold off to generate income in the coming years. Table 1.20 indicates the amount of waste that can be processed through decentralized biomethanation in next few years. Page 50 of 120

58 Table 1.19: Material flow of waste treated/recycled in short time frame Amount of Waste (TPD) Year 2016 Year 2018 Year 2020 Year 2025 Total amount of waste produced Organic Waste (51% of total waste) Waste to be sent for biomethanation (vegetable waste+hotels+canteen i.e 7.6% of total waste generated) Waste to be sent for biomethanation (slaughterhouse i.e % of total waste) Waste to be recycled (TPD) It is considered that RDF It is considered that RDF Plant will be functional by Plant will be functional by this time this time Table 1.20: Proposed treatment and processing solution for waste (Year ) S. No. Waste to be handled (TPD) Proposed Treatment Plant Capacity (TPD) % of total waste constitutes waste from vegetable & fruit market, hotels and canteen/mess. Decentralized Biomethanation Plant for Vegetable and Fruit Market Numbers Total Capacity of Plant Remarks 20 TPD 2 40 TPD Initially 1 Plant of 20 TPD capacity should be set up to treat the waste till (upto 24 TPD) 2. 4% of total waste (295 TPD) is generated from slaughter house waste Decentralized Biomethanation Plant for Slaughter house waste In coming years another plant at a suitable location should be set up to treat waste till year 2025 (upto 30 TPD) 20 TPD 1 20 TPD Waste from slaughterhouse should not be mixed and treated in a separate Page 51 of 120

59 Decentralized Biomethanation Plant As directed by MSW Rules, 2016 all resident welfare and market associations should segregate waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The bio-degradable waste needs to be processed and treated through composting or biomethanation within the premises. The availability of pure organic waste from hotels and markets makes it suitable for digestion in a bio-methanation unit. A 10 KLD bio-digestor which can co-digest around 20 MTD of organic solid waste may be used. The output of the bio-digestor can be fed into a gas electric generator. About 1200 KWH of electricity may be produced which could be used for captive use in the plant and excess can be sold to the electricity board. It is proposed to install first plant of capacity 20 TPD immediately later followed by another plant of 20 TPD to provide for the increased quantum of waste in next 5 years. Similarly a dedicated biomethanation plant with capacity of 20 TPD for waste from slaughter house should be installed to meet the capacity of waste till The general process of biomethanation includes: pre-treatment anaerobic fermentation collection of biogas and its usage residue treatment Pre-treatment: Segregated wet/biodegradable wastes generated from hotels/restaurants, fruit & vegetable markets, canteen and mess etc. is being collected and brought it to the plant site. Preprocessing or segregation of wet waste is conducted to avoid any contamination. The waste is shredded before it is fed into the digester for better fermentation especially when the incoming material has large pieces or whole items Anaerobic Fermentation: Segregated wet wastes get mixed with water in 1:1 proportion and then fed to the primary digester. The slurry is then treated in closed vessels called as anaerobic digesters (Primary & Secondary Digesters) where, in the absence of oxygen, microorganisms break down the organic matter into a stable residue, and generate a methane-rich biogas in the process. Collection of biogas: The generated biogas is being cleaned with the help of scrubbers. During scrubbing process, the moisture and H 2S contents and to certain extent CO 2 gets removed to the acceptable level and then purified biogas is stored in a biogas balloon, which is made up of Neoprene rubber. The purified biogas is then supplied to the indigenized biogas engine to generate electricity. Residue Treatment: The solid residue which remains after biomethanation process comprises solid / fibrous material and liquid, which can be separated through the Slurry Drying Beds. About 50% of the liquid manure is then re-circulated in to the system, as it contains nitrogen and some active anaerobic microorganisms. The fiber represents an effective organic material, which is being used as manure. Page 52 of 120

60 Medium Term Solutions: The medium term solutions are proposed for the city considering the quantum of waste being generated in There are two scenarios considered for the city of Kota: Scenario 1: Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant (Composting Plant +RDF) along with decentralized biomethanation plant Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated and rejects from processing plant) for next 20 years Considering the Scenario 1: Segregated waste will be brought to the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant (ISWM) where the biodegradable waste will be sent for composting while dry recyclables along with combustible will be sent to RDF plant. Decentralized biomethanation plant continue to work to their full capacity Tender for setting up ISWM facility should be called soon (year 2017) so that the plant is functional in next two years (2019 onwards) Inert and rejects from processing plant will be sent to landfill Table 1.21 below gives material flow of waste as per the Scenario 1 S. No. Table 1.21: Material flow of waste (Biomethanization + Composting + RDF) Amount of Waste Proposed (TPD) Plant Capacity* 1. Total Waste Produced Total Organic Waste (51% of total waste) 3. Decentralized Plant 3.1 Biomethanation Plant TPD (3 (Vegetable Market Plants for Waste+ Slaughterhouse 20 TPD Waste) capacity each) 4. Centralized Plant 4.1 Composting (47% of organic waste as 4% of slaughterhouse waste is strictly segregated and treated separately) 4.2 RDF plant (recyclables combustibles) Landfill (15% inert +rejects from processing plant) rejects rejects rejects rejects (*includes 15% of additional waste than waste generated in year 2025) Page 53 of 120

61 Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant: Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant will consist of a compost plant and a RDF. The unit activities will comprise of the following: (i) Pre-processing: A pre-processing section will be made viable in the ISWM plant in order to segregate the incoming waste, until such time that household segregation is not ensured. The pre-processing section is designed on the basis of average composition of the incoming waste, quantity, space available for presorting and whether only composting is targeted or a combination of compost and RDF is targeted. Sorting in a well-designed compost cum RDF plant consist of hand sorting on a sorting belt followed by mechanical sorting in one or more trommel(s), which is a sophisticated rotating sieve. Mixed waste is fed on to a slow moving (5 metres/minute) conveyor belt. Items not suitable for the trommel, such as glass bottle, metal container, any hazardous material like containers of paint etc. are taken out by hand and put in appropriate bins. The workers should be provided with hand gloves to avoid injury. The thickness of the moving waste pile on the conveyor belt should be less than 15cms (for better manual sorting) and the removed material is stored in segregated vats/large containers. This is usually recyclable material or material with high calorific value, which can be further processed to recover the energy content. Metals are then removed from the waste by either a suspended magnet system or a magnetic pulley. Remaining mixed waste is subjected to mechanical separating devices such as a segregating trommel, where material passing through the screen ( mm) is utilized for compost production. The purpose of a trommel is to segregate materials on the basis of size through cascading action. For effective segregation it is necessary that the material undergoes sufficient number of turns inside the trammel and at the same time gets sufficient fall depth for good cascading action. Therefore, the length and the diameter of the trommel are very important. Normally for MSW, a trommel with a length of 10m and a diameter of 2.5 m and above would be desirable. At the same time there should be no axle passing through the trommel in the middle, the drive for the trommel has to be external. Unit Operations in Windrow Composting The waste characterization in Kota suggests the installation of a microbial composting plant for roughly 47% of the generated and collected waste as only part of the collected waste is of biological origin. Typically plant size of 130 TPD should be installed initially and additional module can be added in later years depending upon the efficiency of the plant. (i) Placement of Waste on Compost Pad: The pre-processed municipal solid waste is placed in long narrow piles called windrows that are turned on a regular basis for boosting passive aeration. The windrows are stacked on an area called compost pad. The compost pad is constructed with appropriately designed combination of RCC and PCC so that it is stable, durable and impervious. Page 54 of 120

62 (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) The compost pads have a slope of about 1% to drain the excess water (storm water or leachate) into the leachate tank which is placed in the lowest corner of the compost pad area Windrow Formation: The MSW is formed into trapezoidal heaps of base width 6-8m, top width m and height of 2.5m to 3.5m, called windrows. Space is created for forming 32 windrows. Windrow Turning: Windrows are turned frequently to maintain aerobic conditions inside the pile. Generally, pay loaders or tractors with backhoe are used for turning the material. Generally, the schedule for turning is set based on the rate of decomposition, moisture content, porosity of the material, and the desired composting time (often a function of land availability). Normally, once a week turning is done but more frequent during rainy season (once in 3 4 days). Fresh water or leachate stored in the leachate tank should be sprinkled during the turning process to maintain the moisture content of the waste. Proprietary inoculum is sprayed to accelerate the decomposition process. Biological Process: The aerobic composting occurs when the Carbon:Nitrogen (C:N) ratio is below 50, the moisture content is between 40-45% and ph between 6-8. A temperature build-up of C occurs during the process of decomposition, which helps is destruction of pathogens, helminth eggs and inactivation of weed seeds. Leachate which would be generated during the process is recirculated for maintaining the moisture content and also the microbial levels. Excess leachate needs to be treated in the leachate treatment plant. The decomposed waste after 28 days is spread in the yard to allow maturation and drying. The matured waste which has a C:N ratio between is taken up for screening. The waste is passed through successive rotary screen (trommel) of reducing size- 100mm, 40mm, 16mm, 8mm and 4mm. Curing: Screened material coming out of the coarse segregation section requires further maturation and moisture control for producing a product that is beneficial for plants and soil. The compost passing 4mm is bagged and sold as Ist grade compost while that which is rejected in the 4mm is sold as second grade compost. The rejects from the sieves is sent to the RDF plant for further processing or the Sanitary landfill. The rejects from the 16mm sieve is spread over excessive leachate or over the raw waste as they help in controlling foul odor and also accelerate the decomposition process. It is assumed based on past experiences that a compost plant usually has 20% process efficiency. While 20% efficiency is possible under good operational conditions, the typical efficiency of a windrow compost plant receiving segregated organic solid waste is around 18% 20%, i.e., for an input feedstock of 130 TPD of segregated waste, it should be able to produce tonnes of finished compost. Where mixed waste is received as input feedstock, compost yield of 10% 15% is expected. Page 55 of 120

63 Refuse Derived Fuel: The MSW Rules, 2016 defines refuse derived fuel (RDF) as fuel derived from combustible waste fraction of solid waste like plastic, wood, pulp or organic waste, other than chlorinated materials, in the form of pellets or fluff produced by drying, shredding, dehydrating and compacting of solid waste. Considering the strategic location of industries within the city and nearby the city, the RDF can be used as a fuel for either steam or electricity generation or as alternate fuel in industrial furnaces or boilers (co-processing or co-incineration of waste in cement, lime, and steel industry and for power generation). Unit Process in RDF Plant: The RDF production line consists of several unit operations in series to separate unwanted components and condition the combustible matter to obtain required RDF characteristics. In general, segregation and processing may include: sorting or mechanical separation (in case of effectively source segregated feed material, this process may not be required); size reduction (shredding, chipping, and milling); drying (where required); separation; screening; air density separation (for removing fine inert material); blending; packaging; and storage The type and configuration of unit operations selected depend on the type of secondary material that will be recovered and on the desired quality of the recovered fuel fraction. The end use of the RDF determines the necessary characteristics of RDF (size, moisture, ash content, calorific value, chloride, heavy metals, etc.). Scenario 2: Waste to Energy Plant (mass incineration) + Biomethanation Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated and rejects from processing plants) for next 20 years Considering the Scenario 2: Since Kota Nagar Nigam has already finalized the bid for waste to energy plant, the proposed scenario will include mass burning or incineration of most of the waste except the waste going to decentralized biomethanation plant and recyclables like glass and metals. Table 1.22 below gives a material balance of waste flow in incineration and biomethanation plant for the next 20 years. Additional module can be added to the plant depending on the efficiency of plant in later years. Page 56 of 120

64 S. No. Table 1.22: Material flow of waste (Biomethanation + Waste to Energy) Amount of Waste Proposed (TPD) Plant Capacity* 1. Total Waste Produced Total Organic Waste (51% of total waste) 3. Decentralized Plant 3.1 Biomethanation Plant (Vegetable Market Waste+ Slaughterhouse Waste) 4. Centralized Plant: Waste to Energy (feed stock: combustibles+organic waste) 4.1 Recyclables (26% of total waste + Combustibles* 4.2 Organic Waste * Glass and metals constitute 4% of recyclables which are removed **Organic waste going to waste to energy plant is the amount of waste after biomethanation Waste to Energy (Incineration): Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves combustion of waste at very high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and results in the production of ash, flue gas, and heat. Incineration is a feasible technology for combustion of unprocessed or minimum processed refuse and for the segregated fraction of high calorific value waste. In practice, about 65% 80 % of the energy content of the organic matter can be recovered as heat energy, which can be utilized either for direct thermal applications or for producing power via steam turbine generators. In the event that waste to energy plant is commissioned, entire waste including organics should be sent to the incineration plant. The CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management has provided some criteria that need to be considered very sincerely, in order to make the incineration plant financially viable. Incineration is especially relevant for the dry bin content in a two-bin system. For unsegregated waste, pre-treatment is necessary; The lower calorific value (LCV) of waste must be at least 1,450 kcal/kg (6 MJ/kg) throughout all seasons. The annual average LCV must not be less than 1,700 kcal/kg (7 MJ/ kg); The furnace must be designed in line with best available technologies to ensure stable and continuous operation and complete burnout of the waste and flue gases. MSW is usually incinerated in a grate incinerator. The supply of waste should be stable and amount to at least 500 TPD of segregated waste; produced electricity or stream can be sold on a sustainable basis (e.g., feeding into the general grid at adequate tariffs). Page 57 of 120

65 It is possible to absorb the increased treatment cost through management charges and tipping fees. Skilled staff should be recruited and maintained. Considering the high capital investment, the planning framework of the community should be stable enough to allow a planning horizon of 25 years or more. Pre-feasibility study for the technology lead to positive conclusions for the respective city Strict monitoring systems are proposed and should be followed. Overview of the Incineration Process Incineration of municipal solid waste comprises of the following processing steps: siting of the plant; waste reception and handling (storage, on-site pre-treatment facilities); combustion and steam generation system; flue gas cleaning system; energy generation system (steam turbine and generator in case the unit is equipped for WTE recovery); residual hauling and disposal system; and monitoring and controlling incineration conditions. Siting of Plant The location of a MSW incineration plant is determined based on both economic and environmental issues. Some of the key criteria for siting an incineration facility include: MSW incineration plants should be at least meters from residential zones; A controlled and well-operated landfill must be available for disposing residues (bed and fly ash); MSW incineration plants should be located in land-zones dedicated to medium or heavy industry; In case of steam production, the plants should be located near suitable energy consumers. Waste Reception and Handling The incoming waste is piled on a waterproof concrete bed and mixed in the bunker using cranes equipped with grapples. The mixing of waste helps to achieve a balanced heat value, size, structure, composition, etc. of the material dumped into the incinerator filling hoppers. The bunker (storage area) must have a storage capacity for at least 3 5 days depending on the plant s operational capacity. The storage area will also depend on local factors and the specific nature of the waste. Waste Feeder The waste feeder system is designed to supply exactly the right amount of fuel to the grate that is necessary to achieve minimum negative pressure and desired temperature for stable combustion and energy generation. Page 58 of 120

66 Consistent feeding also ensures minimal environmental pollution, especially as it fosters optimal controllable combustion. The waste is discharged from the storage bunker into the feeding chute by an overhead crane, and then fed into the grate system by a hydraulic ramp or other conveying systems. The grate moves the waste through the various zones of the combustion chamber in a tumbling motion. It is recommended to divide the total plant capacity into two or more identical incineration lines to improve the plant s flexibility and availability e.g., when one line is closed for maintenance. This is required since the plant needs to be shut down for mandatory maintenance and inspection of boilers for a minimum of 4 6 weeks. Combustion and Steam Generation System Combustion takes place above the grate in the incineration chamber. As a whole, the incineration chamber typically consists of a grate situated at the bottom, cooled and noncooled walls on the furnace sides, and a ceiling or boiler surface heater at the top. o o o o The design of the incineration chamber depends on the following: Form and size of the incineration grate. Complete mixing and homogeneity of flue gas flow. Sufficient residence time for the flue gases in the hot furnace. Partial cooling of flue gases. The detailed design of a combustion chamber is usually linked to the grate type. Grate incinerators are the most widely used for the incineration of mixed municipal wastes and can be used for untreated, non-homogenous, and low calorific municipal waste. Incinerator Air Feeding The incineration air fulfills the following objectives: o provision of oxidant o cooling o avoidance of slag formation in the furnace o mixing of flue-gas Air is added at various places in the combustion chamber; depending on the location, it is described as primary and secondary air. Tertiary air and re-circulated flue gases may also be used. Flue Gas Recirculation Flue gas recirculation is an integral part of the furnace design. After passing through the dust filter, part of the flue gas is retained and recirculated through an insulated duct to the furnace. The recirculated flue gas is injected through separate nozzles in the furnace. The main advantages of flue gas recirculation are the following: o 10% 20% of secondary combustion air can be replaced with flue gas. o Mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction is achieved because the supplied re-circulated flue gases have lower oxygen concentration and, therefore, lower flue gas temperature, which leads to a decrease of the nitrogen oxide levels. o It stabilizes and improves the flow and turbulence conditions, particularly at partial load. Page 59 of 120

67 Residual Haulage and Disposal System The amount of slag generated from incinerator depends on the composition of the waste and amounts to 20% 25% by weight of the waste combusted. The flue gas cleaning process also produces residues, either directly (fly ash) or by the subsequent treatment of the spent scrubbing liquids, depending on the flue gas cleaning method applied. Fly ash from filter systems is highly contaminated and, hence, care must be taken to collect bottom ash and fly ash separately. Bottom ash can be treated for further ruse. Bottom ash may be treated either on-site or off-site by a dry system or wet system suitably combined with or without ageing. Wet bottom ash treatment system in the ash quench tank allows the production of a material for recycling with minimal leachability of metals. Revenue can be generated by the sale of nonferrous and ferrous metals fractions. The fly ash generated in the boilers (approximately 1% 2% of input MSW quantity) and air pollution control equipment is highly contaminated and must be disposed appropriately in a Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility (TSDF). If TSDF is not available, then solidified and stabilised fly ash blocks should be disposed in an identified cell of municipal sanitary landfill Sanitary Landfill Facility The MSW (M& H) Rules, 2016 defines sanitary landfilling as a means for the final and safe disposal of residual solid waste and inert wastes on land in a facility designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water, surface water and fugitive air dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, animal menace, bird menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions, persistent organic pollutants slope instability and erosion. This term encompasses other terms such as secured landfill and engineered landfills which are also sometimes applied to MSW disposal units. The term landfill can be treated as synonymous to sanitary landfill of MSW, only if the latter is designed on the principle of waste containment and is characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate collection system to prevent ground water contamination. The non-biodegradable inert waste and rejects from the processing and treatment plant will be disposed in a scientifically engineered landfill as per the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, Open dumping site at Kota Currently there is no sanitary landfill at Kota. All the waste that is being collected is dumped at dumpsite Nanta which is located at Industrial area. The present dumpsite is having an area of Hectares. It is suggested that KNN should contract the tender for designing and constructing the sanitary landfill immediately. The landfill should be designed for next 20 years (2036) for disposal of inert waste and for disposal of 20% of rejects from waste processing. The area required for sanitary Page 60 of 120

68 Cumulative Landfill Volume Total Landfill Volume (with kg/m3) Waste for landfilling Domestic Waste Domestic Waste Per Capita Waste Generation Population at 4.79 % annual growth rate Holistic Waste Management Plan for Kota landfill is calculated based on the cumulative volume of the waste that will be dumped for next 20 years. The landfill space required until 2035 is m Daily Waste Annual Waste Calculation of Landfill Volume Year Population Amount (t) Amount (t) Inhabitants grams Tons / day Tons / year Tons / year m³ / year m Types of Waste Suitable for Landfill Kota Nagar Nigam needs to ensure that only following categories of waste should be send for landfilling: non-biodegradable and inert waste and residual inert waste from processing plants commingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing; pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing sites; and non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled. Planning and Design of a sanitary Landfill The basic steps to design, implement and operate a sanitary landfill will include: 1. Site Selection 2. Design of Sanitary Landfill 3. Implementation of Sanitary Landfill 4. Operation of Sanitary Landfill 5. Closure and post closure measures Criteria for Selection of Site for Sanitary landfill as per the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2016 The MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, mandate that each municipal authority shall set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. The criteria for selection of site for developing a sanitary landfill as per the Rules are: Page 61 of 120

69 The department responsible for of land allocation shall provide suitable site for setting up of the solid waste processing and treatment facilities and notify such sites. The sanitary landfill site shall be planned, designed and developed with proper documentation of construction plan as well as a closure plan in a phased manner. In case a new landfill facility is being established adjoining an existing landfill site, the closure plan of existing landfill should form a part of the proposal of such new landfill. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facilities. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill site. Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and Central Pollution Control Board. The existing landfill sites which are in use for more than five years shall be improved in accordance with the specifications given in this Schedule. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for at least years and shall develop landfill cells in a phased manner to avoid water logging and misuse. The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department s land-use plans. A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste processing (more than 5TP D capacity) and disposal facility. This will be maintained within the total area of the solid waste processing and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be prescribed on case to case basis by the local body in consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Board. Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be established in each landfill site to accommodate the waste in case of non- operation of waste processing and during emergency or natural calamities. The CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management provides following criteria for identifying suitable land for landfill site (table 1.23): Table 1.23: Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites 6 S. No. Place Minimum Siting Distance 1. Coastal regulation, wetland, critical habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile areas, and flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years Sanitary landfill site not permitted within these identified areas 2. Rivers 100 m away from the flood plain 3. Pond, lakes, water bodies 200 m 4. Non-meandering water channel (canal, drainage etc.) 30 m 5. Highway or railway line, water supply wells 500 m from center line 6. Habitation All landfill facilities: 500 m 7. Earthquake zone 500 m from fault line fracture 6 CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016 Page 62 of 120

70 8. Flood prone area Sanitary landfill site not permitted 9. Water table (highest level) The bottom liner of the landfill should be above 2m from the highest water table 10. Airport 20 km The final selection of the site should be decided after considering the following: Environmental impact Social acceptance Land availability Transportation costs, and Sanitary landfilling costs Design & Standards for Sanitary Landfill Figure 1.9 illustrates the essential components of a MSW landfill. Figure 1.6: Essential Components of Sanitary Landfill 7 The essential components of a MSW landfill include: A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate or gas to the surrounding soil. A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate. 7 CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016 Page 63 of 120

71 A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery. A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation. A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the landfill site. An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site. A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed landfill. Area Requirement for Sanitary Landfill in Kota Until, Kota Nagar Nigam can set up any waste processing facilities like composting or recycling or mass incineration, the waste will be sent to the sanitary landfill. In such a case, it is suggested that the landfill cell shall be covered at the end of each working day with minimum 10 cm of soil, inert debris or construction material. Waste dumped at the landfill site should be compacted in thin layers using heavy compactors to achieve high density of the waste. Based on the amount of inerts (20% of total MSW) that will be brought to the landfill site from pre-processing and processing plants; the total area of landfill that will be required in the next 20 years is calculated to be. The landfill is a combination of below and above ground landfill in order to economize on space. The landfill will have an overall height of 15 m. It is proposed to be placed in an excavation of 3 m deep. The bottom of the SLF would be lined with 900 mm of mineral sealing system with clay of permeability k< 1x 10-9m/s/. It would be overlaid with at least 2.0 mm of HDPE geomembrane and protected by 2000 gsm geotextile. Over this a 300 mm thick gravel layer is laid for drainage of leachate. Perforated HDPE pipes of would be placed at relevant spacing to intercept and divert any leachate generated. The secondary leachate collection pipes are placed at slope as per the site. All the leachate collection pipes are connected to a main HDPE header pipe. This header pipe would lead the leachate to the leachate jack well from where it shall be pumped to the leachate treatment plant. Construction details and Quality Control (i) Earth Work: The design of the layout should be planned to provide unhindered run off of leachate and storm water. Required cover material need to be considered and has to be made available. Filling and compacting must be carried out in layers of up to 40 cm maximum. Page 64 of 120

72 (ii) Base Sealing System: The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, a. Mineral Sealing Layer: The mineral sealing layer of 30 cm thickness each shall be installed in three layers of clay or equivalent amended soil. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of coarse and fine particles) should be used in case clay is not available. This material must be installed during favorable weather conditions. The following qualities are required: at least 10 mass % of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity, maximum 5 mass % of organic substances and maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate The permeability of the mineral sealing layer must be less than kf 1 x 10-7 cm has to be ensured. For the material and its installation the following requirements must be considered: homogenous material that has a homogenous water content and homogenous incorporation of the material, proctor density (DPR) of each layer of DPR 95 %, and Water content (w) must be higher than the proctor water content (WPR) Alternatively, Geo-synthetic clay liner and may also be used along with 600mm of native soil as the mineral sealing layer. Figure 1.7: Base Liner 8 b. HDPE Geo-Membrane: The second sealing liner will be a High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The geo-membrane can only be installed during favourable weather conditions. For the constructing of the layer the following items have to be considered: Welding of the HDPE layer is only possible if the sun does not shine directly on the HDPE layer in summer time (danger of blistering), Water is not allowed on the landfill base of the HDPE layer, Before work starts the way of placing has to be defined in a plan, 8 CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016 Page 65 of 120

73 Holistic Waste Management Plan for Kota The placed HDPE layer must be fixed (e. g. sandbags), No equipment must drive on the welded HDPE layers (only the necessary equipment for welding), Every welding seam has to be double checked (stability, density with under pressure method, thickness, visual inspection), and Only HDPE geomembranes that comply with the requirements of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or corresponding standards should be used. c. Protection Layer (Geotextile): A protection layer (silt soil) should be cm thick or, alternatively, a protection layer (geotextile) should be used. For incorporation of the layer, the following items have to be considered: Weight of geo-textile should be 400 g/m² for bottom liner and 200 g/m 2 for top cover, depending on the landfill height. Proof of stamp pushing through force, Proof of strip tensile strength, Static proof, and Proof of stability and resistance to sliding during building and final state Laying of geo-textile is carried out after acceptance of the layers lying underneath. No vehicles must drive on the geo-textile; no equipment or machines should be stored on this layer. The position of the layer must be secured by appropriate measures to prevent them from getting lifted up (e. g. sand bags). d. Drainage (Leachate) Layer: A drainage layer, consisting of gravel with a grain size of 16/32 mm will be applied to assist drainage of leachate. Gravel will consist of uniform sizes and be washed to ensure a high permeability. Perforated HDPE leachate collection pipes will be embedded in the drainage layer to further assist leachate collection. Leachate will drain towards the leachate pond. The thickness of the drainage layer will be at least 30 cm. The gravel has to fulfill the following quality standards: o o Permeability kf 1 x 10-3 m/s maximum 20 mass-% of carbonate Top Sealing System To avoid negative impact of the landfill a surface sealing system should be provided once the landfill is completely filled or parts of it is filled. The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2016 The final cover shall meet the following specifications (as per figure no.1.11), namely:-- The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient (k) less than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm. On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion. Page 66 of 120

74 Figure 1.8: Surface Liner System Sanitary Landfill Operation Before the sanitary landfill is made operational, it is necessary to for Kota Nagar Nigam to develop operating rules and methodologies which should be documented as a guide for future activities. The operation manual should comprise of the following: Controlling and recording of landfilled waste Guidance to use the remaining capacity in an optimized way Basic health and safety measures Maintenance and documentation of landfill facilities and landfill equipment Quality Assurance Tests and Samples during Construction of the Sealing Systems: The tests and samples during construction of the sealing system to ensure the quality and avoid any future hazards to public health and environment will include: a. Aptitude Test: The fundamental suitability (aptitude test) of the used materials provided for the mineral base and surface sealing system must be proven before construction works start. The suitability tests of the used mineral sealing material have to be approved by laboratory tests and a test field. The following laboratory testing is required: Grain-size distribution Water content Consistency of material Water absorption of material Page 67 of 120

75 Portion of organic materials Portion of carbonate Density Proctor density Water permeability Homogeneity The suitability of the used drainage material has to be also approved by laboratory tests. The following tests are required: Grain-size distribution Content of organic materials Content of carbonate b. Test Field: Test field will help to ensure the suitability of the clay under the supposed site conditions. Construction of the test field should start on the surface with 3 layers of clay. Visual tests have to be performed by trial pits. The test fields have to be constructed outside of the sealing areas and should be retained and protected for the entire duration of construction. The results from the test field (including the results of the laboratory tests) must be evaluated and documented including the following statements with regard to the design of the mineral sealing system: Compacting methods Compacting equipment Number of compacting transitions Operation speed of compacting equipment Thickness of un-compacted layers (before compaction) Type of homogenization The test field must be at least 20 m in length, the minimum width must be 2 machine widths plus the required ramps 1: 10 and the embankments 1: 5 as well as the distance of acceleration and deceleration with driving tracks as wide as the equipment, which are arranged alongside. The test fields should be located at the bottom and embankment area of the landfill. They should represent the same slopes as landfill. After the mineral sealing material has been tested, the application of the other sealing compounds, protection layer and drainage layer will be tested in the test field accordingly. This will be done for the base sealing as well as for the surface sealing. c. Quality Assurance during Construction Works For the quality assurance during construction works the requirements are as follows: Page 68 of 120

76 o o o o o o o o o o o The mineral sealing layers must be built under weather conditions which are in compliance with required conditions (water content, degree of compression, coefficient of permeability; example: no construction during heavy rain fall) The top of each completed layer of the mineral sealing system must be dewatered sufficiently. Shrinkage cracks must be avoided by taking technical measures. Soil lumps, which are bigger than 32 mm, shall not be used for construction the mineral sealing. The sealing material must be homogenous and show regular placement water content. The layers must achieve a homogenous sealing mass. The layers shall overlap. After completion of each compacted layer an acceptance test must be carried out before starting the next layer. During and after incorporation the following tests and checks must be carried out especially for the mineral-sealing layer (for re-cultivation layer, drainage layer and compensation layer the test has to be done similar): Density Thickness of each layer Flatness of each layer Grain-size distribution Water content Consistency of material Water absorption of material Proctor density Permeability Content of organic parts Content of carbonate These tests should be carried according a defined scheme. The size of testing area should be 1000 m². The laboratory test for the aptitude test and the quality assurance during construction works have to be carried out by a qualified geo-technical institute. d. Slope Stability Aspects and Seismic Aspects : The stability of a landfill should be checked for the following cases : Stability of excavated slopes Stability of liner system along excavated slopes Stability of temporary waste slopes constructed to their full height (usually at the end of a phase) Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of completed landfills Stability of cover systems in above -ground landfills. The stability analysis should be conducted using the following soil mechanics methods depending upon the shape of the failure surface: (a) failure surface parallel to slope; (b) wedge method of analysis; (c) method of slices for circular failure surface and (d) special methods for stability of anchored geo-membranes along slopes. In preliminary design of a landfill section, the following slopes may be adopted: Page 69 of 120

77 o o o Excavated soil slopes (2.5 Hor : 1 Vertical) Temporary waste slopes (3.0 Hor : 1 Vertical) Final cover slopes (4.0 Hor : 1 Vertical) Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable by stability analysis results. Acceptable factors of safety may be taken as 1.3 for temporary slopes and 1.5 for permanent slopes. In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all landfill slopes will be conducted taking into account seismic coefficients as recommended by BIS codes. Environmental Monitoring System for Sanitary Landfill The environmental monitoring programme of landfill is an essential component of the management plan for a sanitary landfill. It provides the city with information to assess the effects of the landfill on the surrounding environment and assists in ensuring that the landfill is operated and controlled to the specific standards. The environmental monitoring of landfills should be performed as per MSWM Rules, A monitoring program must specify: (i) (ii) (iii) a properly selected offsite testing laboratory capable of measuring the constituents at correct detection levels, a methodology for acquiring and storing data; and a statistical procedure for analyses of the data. Monitoring at a landfill site will be carried out in four zones: 1. on and within the landfill; 2. in the unsaturated subsurface zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the landfill; 3. in the groundwater (saturated) zone beneath and around the landfill; and 4. in the atmosphere/local air above and around the landfill. The parameters to be monitored regularly are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Leachate head within the landfill; Leachate and gas quality within the landfill; Long-term movements of the landfill cover; Quality of pore fluid and pore gas in the vadose zone; Quality of groundwater in the saturated zones and Air quality above the landfill, at the gas control facilities, at buildings on or near The landfill and along any preferential migration paths. Frequency of Monitoring: The frequency of monitoring needs to be fixed that in a manner that it is capable of detecting unusual events and risks in the initial phases enabling to precautionary measures to be taken as soon as possible steps for containment or remediation. Usually a monthly or a bimonthly monitoring frequency is considered suitable during the operational phase of a landfill as well as 3 to 4 years after closure; this frequency can be decreased to 2-3 times a year in later years, if all systems perform satisfactorily. Page 70 of 120

78 The monitoring frequency may have to be increased if higher concentrations than expected are detected, if control systems are changed or if drainage systems become clogged/non-functional. The frequency of monitoring may also be increased during those periods in which gas generation or leachate generation is higher, such as during the monsoon periods. Closure and Post-Closure Maintenance Plan Determination of the end-use of a landfill site is an essential part of the plan for landfill closure and post-closure maintenance. Some possible uses of closed landfill sites near urban centres include parks, recreational areas, golf courses, vehicle parking areas and sometimes even commercial development. A closure and post-closure plan for landfills involves the following components: Plan for vegetative stabilization of the final landfill cover. Plan for management of surface water run-off with an effective drainage system. Plan for periodical inspection and maintenance of landfill cover and facilities Proposed Institutional Framework Effective and successful municipal solid waste management system depends as much on the institutional capacity of the local government as on technology available for processing and disposal. Kota Nagar Nigam needs to restructure its department which is managing solid waste currently. Presently, the health officer who is also a medical practitioner heads the solid waste department. His work also includes supervision of health department along with solid waste department. The two different departments of solid waste and health require two different technical abilities and has put considerable pressure on health officer. There is a need to create two separate wings in the Nigam to clearly demarcate the role of health and solid waste activities. The department should be headed by senior officer who has a sound understanding of process related to solid waste management and who can take well-informed decisions in the absence of commissioner Adequate number of sanitary workers needs to be hired immediately. Presently there are only 1130 permanent sanitary workers and 2134 workers on contract who are assigned on work as need arise. There is an immediate need to establish a system to organize informal sector into cooperatives/group or societies thus augmenting the present work staff in door to door collection of waste Identity cards should be provided to all the sanitary workers and the informal sector that is responsible for collection of waste from houses, communities and commercial areas. Page 71 of 120

79 Sanitary workers and the informal sector should be provided with protective gears (PPE i.e personal protective equipment) such as uniforms, shoes and other implements. Provision of social security and welfare benefits to waste pickers should also be considered The contribution of informal waste collection workers may be significantly improved through appropriate organizational measures Sanitary inspectors should be trained and capacitated to handle activities related to solid waste management. Sanitary inspectors should be responsible for inspecting and marinating records on the extent of service provision KNN has to ensure through strict measures (regulations and fines, if applicable) that citizens and sweepers do not dispose waste into drains. One of the measures should be to make the same staff responsible for cleaning streets as well as adjacent drains. Involve community in designing the primary collection system to ensure success. Strict monitoring in terms of attendance of the workers should be established. In the absence of sanitary workers, SHGs/NGOs should be hired to provide manpower for the services An integrated solid waste management cell (ISWM) should be established, if possible. The cell should have representatives from solid waste management department, RWAs, private sector (contractors, operators of plant and others), biomedical waste plant operator and other stakeholders. The cell should meet at least once a month to take cognizance of the status and further plans. As appropriate, institutional capability for training and human resources development for MSWM should be established at the city. Table 1.25 provides the requirement of manpower in Kota Nagar Nigam vis-à-vis norms as per CPHEEO. Table 1.24: Proposed Manpower Requirement for Kota Nagar Nigam (Cities between 5 and 20 Lakh Population) 9 S. No Manpower Requirement as per CPHEEO norms Existing Manpower at Proposed Requirement KNN 9 CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016 Page 72 of 120

80 1. Public Health or Environmental Engineer or Civil Engineer having training in environmental or public health engineering of the level of Executive Engineer to be in-charge of SWM department. None at present. To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms 2. Public Health or Environmental Engineer or Civil Engineer having training in environmental or public health engineering of the level of Assistant Executive Engineer per 5 lakh population Public Health or Environmental Engineer or Civil Engineer having training in environmental or public health engineering of the level of Assistant Engineer per 2.5 lakh population. 4. One experienced Junior Engineer, per 2.5 lakh population. None at present None at present To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms (at least 4 Junior Engineers) To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms (at least 4 Junior Engineers) 5. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Chief Sanitary Inspector or Sanitation Officer to look after the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste: 1 per 1 lakh population or part thereof; or 1 per 2 Sanitary Inspectors, whichever is less. 6. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Inspector: 1 per 50,000 population or part thereof; or 1 per 80 sweepers, whichever is less To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms (at least 13 more sanitary inspector) 7. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Sub-inspector: 1 per 25,000 population or part thereof; or 1 per 40 sweepers, whichever is less. None To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms (at least 30 sanitary subinspector) Page 73 of 120

81 8. Sanitary Supervisors (a person who can read, write, and report): 1 per 12,500 population or part thereof; or 1 per 20 sweepers, whichever is less. 12 To be hired in consonance with CPHEEO norms (at least 44 more sanitary supervisor) Page 74 of 120

82 2. Biomedical Waste Management in Kota 2.1. Introduction: Bio-Medical Waste Management "Bio-medical waste" is defined as any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps10. Biomedical waste (BMW) management has emerged as an issue of major concern as a part of the waste stream generated in hospitals, nursing homes, health care institutes is infectious or potentially infectious and poses a potential hazard to public health and the environment Moreover, in the absence of segregation practices biomedical waste is being dumped along with the municipal solid waste and constitutes almost 1 to 2% of the total municipal solid waste stream 11.The quantification and characterization study carried out in Kota revealed that BMW constituted 3% of the total municipal solid waste being generated, which is a high alert that needs to be taken in cognizance of by the local authority and other concerned authorities. The mixing of biomedical waste with MSW is hazardous to municipal staff and other formal and informal sector workers associated with handling waste, including the risk of exposure to infectious diseases. Consequent to the above concerns regarding ill-managed biomedical waste, discussed at various national and international fora, the Government of India notified the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 which were later amended in 2000 and The rules have been amended recently in 2016 and expanded to address biomedical waste from vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps and other healthcare activities Present Status: Bio-Medical Waste Management in Kota The section below gives a baseline status with respect to generation, collection, transportation and disposal of bio-medical waste in the city of Kota Number of Health Care Facilities (HCFs) The city of Kota has 203 health care facilities (HCFs), registered with the State Pollution Control Board (March, 2016). As per the information provided by the SPCB, out of 203 HCFs, 59 Units (blood banks, diagnostic centers and clinics) are without patient beds and the rest of the HCFs with patient beds are as follows: 43 government units 100 private units 10 Bio-medical Waste Rules, Manadal, S.K & Dutta, J. (2009). Integrated Bio-Medical Waste Management Plan for Patna City. Insitutue of Town Planners, India Journal 6 (2), pp (1-25) Page 75 of 120

83 More than 500 beds More than 200 and less than 499 beds More than 50 and less than 199 beds Less than 50 beds Without beds Holistic Waste Management Plan for Kota Distribution of HCFs with Beds Government Units With Beds 21% Government Units Without Beds 23% Private Units With Beds 56% Figure 2.1: Distribution of Hospitals and HCFs with beds The total numbers of beds in the HCFs in Kota are approximately Table No. 2.1 gives a break up of HCFs in Kota vis-à-vis the number of beds. Table 2.1: HCFs and Number of Beds in Kota S. No. Number of Beds Units 1. More than 500 beds 1 2. More than 200 and less than 499 beds 3 3. More than 50 and less than 199 beds Less than 50 beds Without beds 59 (Source: Regional Office, SPCB, 2016) Figure 2.2: Distribution of beds across Hospitals and HCFs Page 76 of 120

84 Quantification and Characterization of Bio-medical Waste in Kota As per the study by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 2016), the rate of biomedical waste generation in India is estimated to be in the range of 1-2 kg/bed/day 12. For the cities of Rajasthan, it is estimated that the rate of biomedical waste generation is approximately kg/bed/day (CPCB, 2013) 13. Considering the growth trend of the city and number of new hospitals being registered, the rate of biomedical waste generation in Kota is assumed to be 0.3 kg/bed/day. Though as per World Health Organization (WHO) only 15% of the waste generated in HCFs is hazardous and infectious, due to the absence of segregation practices as much as 50% of waste generated is infected and needs special treatment. Based on the above generation rates, it is estimated that Kota generates an average of 1195 kg of waste per day, out of which as much as 600 kg of waste needs to be handled as per the BMW Rules, The figure 2.3 below gives the composition of bio-medical waste. Bio-Medical Waste Non- Hazardous Waste (85%) Hazardous Waste (15%) Infectious (10%) Non Infectious but Hazardous (5%) Collected and treated as MSW Recycled Non-sharps Sharps Plastic Disposables Radioactive Wastes Discarded Glass Chemical Waste Cytotoxic Waste Figure 2.3: Composition of Bio-medical Waste MoEF (2016), New Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules Notified. Available at: 13 CPCB (2015). Annual Report on biomedical waste management, Mathur et al (2012). Need of Biomedical Waste Management System in Hospitals- An Emerging Issue- A Review. Current World Environment 7(1), pp Available at: Page 77 of 120

85 Segregation & Storage of Bio-medical Waste in Kota: Kota city is serviced by a private contractor Rajdeep Biotech, operational since 2013 and is responsible for collection, transportation and treatment of bio-medical waste from Kota. Many of the HCFs registered with the SPCB in Kota collect and store segregated bio-medical waste in sealed containers/sturdy bags, which are handed over to this contracted agency, responsible for transporting biomedical waste to the common treatment/disposal facility. Usually red colour bins are used for storage of bio-medical waste in HCFs. As per the Bio-medical Rules, 2016 the HCFs should ensure that the bio-medical waste generated is not mixed with other wastes and segregated into bags/containers as per Schedule I of the Rules. However, it is observed that segregation of wastes in HCFs is not practiced efficiently in Kota and many of the hospitals and HCFs do not meet basic minimum requirements of segregation Transportation of Bio-medical Waste: Presently, the collection and transportation system is not systematic and is need based, with the private operator providing transport and treatment services as and when approached by the HCFs. Biomedical waste is not being collected every day from HCFs. The transportation of waste takes place in a closed three-wheeler vehicle and brought to the Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF). There is an immediate need to supervise and monitor the collection and transportation of biomedical waste to ensure regular services and prevent illegal dumping Treatment of Biomedical Waste in Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota: A Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) is a set up where bio-medical waste, generated from a number of HCFs, is collected and brought to be treated. The treated waste may finally be sent for disposal in a landfill or for recycling purposes. Since the installation of individual treatment facilities by small healthcare units would have required comparatively higher capital investment, separate manpower and infrastructure development for proper operation and maintenance of treatment systems it was realized that one common treatment facility can be economical and beneficial. Also, it reduces the monitoring pressure on regulatory agencies. By running the treatment equipment at CBWTF to its full capacity, the cost of treatment of per kilogram is significantly reduced. As per the annual report of CPCB, only 75% of biomedical waste being generated in the State of Rajasthan is being treated. There are no HCFs with on-site biomedical waste treatment facilities; however, the State has the following facilities: 12 functional CBWTFs and 3 CBWTFs under construction Typical equipment found in each of the 12 functional CBWTFs includes an incinerator, an autoclave and a shredder The agency Rajdeep Biotech has been contracted by the SPCB to operate a Common Bio- Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) in Kota since Page 78 of 120

86 As per the CPCB (2013) 15, one CBWTF is allowed to cater up to 10,000 beds at rates approved by the SPCB. The Rules states that a CBWTF shall not be allowed to cater to healthcare units situated beyond a radius of 150 km. However, in an area where 10,000 beds are not available within a radius of 150 km, another CBWTF may be allowed to cater to the healthcare units situated outside the said 150 km. Following the above mentioned norms, the agency Rajdeep Biotech has been contracted for managing biomedical waste from two cities of Bundi and Kota which are located at distance of 40 kms. The agency covers approximately 2510 beds in both the cities which is far less when compared to the number of beds registered. The agency has the following treatment facilities installed at the CBWTF: One Incinerator with a capacity of 50 Kg/Hr One Autoclave with a capacity of 40 ltrs/batch One Shredder with a capacity of 20 Kg/Hr One Sharp Pit Figure 2.4: Incineration and Equipment Units inside the CBMWTF in Kota The ash from incineration is usually landfilled while sharps are put into the sharp pit. 15 CPCB. BMW Treatment Facilities. Available: Page 79 of 120

87 Gap Analysis There is considerable scope for improvement in the management of biomedical waste generated in Kota. It is observed that the CBWTF does not cater to all the health care facilities within Kota. The following table no. 2.2 highlights the gap present in the prevailing system: Table 2.2: Gaps in the Biomedical Waste Management in Kota S. No. Description Units 1. Number of beds Total amount of waste being produced 1195 kg 3. Service being provided to number of beds 2510 (including Bundi) 4. Total amount of waste being treated 753 kg (including Bundi) 3. Gap in the Existing System 3.1 No. of beds being not covered Amount of waste being not treated 442 kg Page 80 of 120

88 Table no. 2.3 gives a summary of the amount of biomedical waste collected from Kota and Bundi and treated in the mentioned CBWTF. S. No. Year Name of Cities/Areas covered by CBWTF Total no. of HCFs being covered Table 2.3: Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota Total no. of beds covered Quantity of different categories of BMW treated/day (kg/day) Bundi & Kota Incineration: 380 kg/day Autoclaving: 12.5 kg/day Shredding: 4.5 kg/day Total: 397 kg/day Bundi & Kota Incineration: 392 kg/day Autoclaving: 13.5 kg/day Shredding: 5.5 kg/day Total: 411 kg/day Treatment Facilities installed at CBWTF Incinerator: 1 (50 kg/hr) Autoclave: 1 (40 lts/batch) Shredder: 1 (20kg/hr) Incinerator: 1 (50 kg/hr) Autoclave: 1 (40 lts/batch) Shredder: 1 (20kg/hr) Air Pollution Control Systems attached with the incinerator Venturi Scrubber & Droplet Separator Venturi Scrubber & Droplet Separator Method of disposal treated wastes Incineration Ash: Landfill Sharps: Pit Plastics: Auto clave Incineration Ash: Landfill Sharps: Pit Plastics: Auto clave Cost of Treatment of BMW charged by the CBWTF Operator Rs 2.10/per bed per day Rs 2.10/per bed per day (As provided by Regional Office, SPCB, 2016) Page 81 of 120

89 2.3. Regulatory Framework Governing Biomedical Waste Management The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has notified Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules in 1998, as amended in the years 2002, 2003, 2011 and 2016 to provide a regulatory framework for segregation, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of the bio-medical waste generated from the Health Care Facilities (HCFs) in the country so as to avoid adverse impact on human health and environment. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has prescribed guidelines for Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facilities as well as for design and construction of Incinerators. However, since health is a state subject, it is the responsibility of the concerned State Government to take necessary steps to monitor the disposal of biomedical wastes through the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the Union Territories, as per the provisions made under the Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) are the prescribed authorities to grant authorization for the BMW Management. They are empowered to ensure the compliance of provisions of these Rules Proposed Strategies for management of biomedical waste in Kota Subsequent to the review of the state of biomedical waste management in Kota, it is found necessary to ensure continuous and efficient operations and management of biomedical waste collection, treatment and disposal. It is proposed that improvement measures be put in place immediately. The context for improvement and key actions to be undertaken to effect this improvement are suggested below Inventory of bio-medical waste produced There is an immediate need to prepare an inventory of all health care facilities/bio-medical waste generators in terms of number of beds and bio-medical waste being produced (Kg/day) in the city of Kota. The inventory should be made available to Kota Nagar Nigam as well as to the Regional Office of the State Pollution Control Board Segregation of Biomedical Waste Lack of segregation practices at the HCFs significantly increases the quantity of infectious medical waste that needs to be collected and treated separately. Page 82 of 120

90 Implementing strict segregation practices as per the Schedule I of BMW Rules, 2016 within HCFs to separate biological and chemical hazardous wastes will result in a non-hazardous and solid waste stream (90%) which can be easily, safely and cost-effectively managed through recycling, composting and landfilling the residues. Ensuring segregation will reduce the quantity of waste that needs special treatment and hence also lower the cost involved. Segregation will also ensure and safeguard the occupational health of sanitary workers involved in collection, storage and transportation of bio-medical waste Storage of Biomedical Waste at the HCFs The new Bio-medical Waste Rules, 2016 have classified bio-medical waste in to 4 colorcoded categories to improve the segregation of waste at source. Table No 2.4, taken from the BMW Rules, 2016 gives details of different categories of waste that are to be segregated into prescribed color coded bags. Table 2.4: Bio-medical Wastes Categories and their Segregation, Collection, Treatment, Processing and Disposal Options Category Type of Waste Type of Bag or Container to be Used Yellow Red a. Human Anatomical Waste Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic b. Animal Anatomical Waste bags or containers c. Soiled Waste d. Expired or Discarded Medicines Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers e. Chemical Waste Yellow coloured containers or nonchlorinated plastic bags f. Chemical Liquid Waste Separate collection system leading to effluent treatment system g. Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings contaminated with blood or body fluid. h. Microbiology, Biotechnology and other clinical laboratory waste Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Non-chlorinated yellow plastic bags or suitable packing material Autoclave safe plastic bags or containers Red coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers White Waste sharps including metals Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof containers Blue a. Glassware Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking Page 83 of 120

91 b. Metallic Body Implants Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking (Source: As per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016) In order to ensure minimum contamination of other wastes by the bio-medical waste, prescribed instructions should be followed: Bags/containers containing biomedical waste need to be labeled as specified in the Rules. Untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste should not be stored beyond a period of forty-eight hours. All containers for biomedical waste must display the biohazard symbol and the label Biohazard in a colour contrasting the colour of the container. Containers should be leak proof, puncture resistant and sealable Absorbent material should be added if the possibility of large volumes of liquid exists. Microbiological waste and all other clinical laboratory waste should be pre-treated by sterilization or disinfection before being transported to the CBWT facility Collection of Municipal Solid Waste from HCFs As much as 80% of the general health-care waste comprises paper, plastics, glass and food waste, which should be segregated and stored in two bins viz. green bin (biodegradable waste) and blue bin (non-biodegradable) waste The MSW from hospitals should be collected by KNN and processed and disposed as the rest of the waste from the city However, it should be ensured that the waste is segregated and not mixed with bio-medical waste, which will need strict supervision. If required, HCFs non-conforming to the rules should be penalized as per Rules Transportation of bio-medical waste o o The transportation of biomedical waste involves two stages: transportation of segregated waste to storage area inside the premises: It should be ensured that separate service corridors are provided for transporting waste matter from the departments to a storage area and such corridors are least used by patients and visitors. However, since none of the HCFs in Kota has any on-site treatment facility, there is no separate service corridors transportation of the waste outside the premises (to the treatment/disposal facility): All the waste being generated and collected is transported to the treatment/disposal facility site in a safe manner. The operator of common bio-medical waste treatment facility shall transport the bio-medical waste from the premises of an occupier to any off-site bio-medical waste treatment facility Page 84 of 120

92 o o o o only in the vehicles having label as provided in part A of the Schedule IV along with necessary information as specified in part B of the Schedule IV. The vehicle, which should be specially designed to carry large volumes of segregated waste securely, should have the following specifications: It should be covered and secured against accidental leakage/spillage etc. The interior should be lined with smooth finish of aluminium or stainless steel, without sharp edges/corners or dead spaces. The size of the vehicle would depend upon the quantity and type of waste to be carried per trip. The vehicle should be washed and disinfected after transporting every consignment Establish and Institute a Sharps Management System Of the 10% of the waste stream that is potentially infectious or hazardous, the most immediate threat to public health is the indiscriminate disposal of sharps (needles, syringes, lancets, and other invasive tools). Proper segregation of these materials in rigid, puncture proof containers which are then monitored for safe treatment and disposal is the highest priority for any health care institution. Proper equipment and containers (puncture proof, leak proof, tamper proof) should be used to store the sharps, a secure accounting and collection system for transporting the contaminated sharps for treatment and final disposal, and proper training of all hospital personnel on handling and management of sharps and personal protection is essential Waste Reduction Clear guidelines for product purchasing that would promote waste reduction should be established. For example, mercury thermometers can be replaced with digital thermometers Stringent Measures on Waste-picking and Reusing Strict monitoring is needed to ensure that reuse of syringes and other plastic material used in the hospitals is not taking place. Heavy penalty should be imposed on hospitals and HCFs practicing reuse and recycling of syringes and plastic materials. If required, their registration may be revoked Compliance with BMW Rules, 2016 All hospitals and HCFs should comply with the BMW Rules with respect to segregation and storage Page 85 of 120

93 All the Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) operators should follow the norms when transporting and disposing waste Infectious wastes are to be stored in the designated colour-coded leak-proof containers for safe handling and can be disinfected / sterilised by the available facility in the hospital. Transportation of waste within the hospital is to be carried out in closed handcarts to avoid spillage of waste to a disinfection or treatment facility. The hospitals need to establish a bar-code System for bags or containers containing biomedical waste to be sent out of the premises or place for any purpose within one year from the date of the notification of these rules; Ensure segregation of liquid chemical waste at source and ensure pre-treatment or neutralization prior to mixing with other effluent generated from health care facilities; Registrations of those hospitals that do not set up individual treatment/disposal facility or join a common treatment facility should be cancelled. New hospitals should not be allowed to commence operation without making sure that it has a facility for treatment/disposal of biomedical waste or is a member of a CBWTF Operational plans for each HCFs and Hospitals Each hospital and HCFs should develop an operational plan which includes the location and capacity of the storage containers, frequency of collection for various types of wastes and schedule of activities enabling smooth functioning of the system Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-medical Waste: As suggested by the Bio-medical Rules, 2016, table 2.5 briefly describes the treatment and disposal practices to be adopted by a CBWTF in an urban area. The CBMWTF in Kota should ensure the presence and operational condition of equipment required to treat waste as listed below. Table 2.5: Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-Medical Waste as per the Type of Waste Category Type of Waste Treatment and Disposal Options Yellow a. Human Anatomical Waste b. Animal Anatomical Waste Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis c. Soiled Waste Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis. In absence of above facilities, autoclaving or micro-waving/hydroclaving followed by shredding or mutilation or combination of sterilization and shredding. Treated waste to be sent for energy recovery. d. Expired or Discarded Expired cytotoxic drugs and items contaminated with Page 86 of 120

94 Category Type of Waste Medicines Treatment and Disposal Options cytotoxic drugs to be returned back to the manufacturer or supplier for incineration at temperature >1200 C or to common bio-medical waste treatment facility or hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility for incineration at >1200 C or Encapsulation or Plasma Pyrolysis at > 1200 C. All other discarded medicines shall be either sent back to manufacturer or disposed by incineration. e. Chemical Waste Disposed of by incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or Encapsulation in hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility. f. Chemical Liquid Waste After resource recovery, the chemical liquid waste shall be pre-treated before mixing with other wastewater. The combined discharge shall conform to the discharge norms given in Schedule III of the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules. g. Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings contaminated with blood or body fluid. h. Microbiology, Biotechnology and other clinical laboratory waste Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Non- chlorinated chemical disinfection followed by incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or for energy recovery. In absence of above facilities, shredding or mutilation or combination of sterilization and shredding. Treated waste to be sent for energy recovery or incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis. Pre-treat to sterilize with non-chlorinated chemicals onsite as per National AIDS Control Organisation or World Health Organisation guidelines thereafter for Incineration. Autoclaving or micro-waving/ hydroclaving followed by shredding or mutilation or combination of sterilization and shredding. Red Treated waste to be sent to registered or authorized recyclers or for energy recovery or plastics to diesel or fuel oil or for road making, whichever is possible. Plastic waste should not be sent to landfill sites. White Waste sharps including Autoclaving or Dry Heat Sterilization followed by Page 87 of 120

95 Category Type of Waste Blue metals Treatment and Disposal Options shredding or mutilation or encapsulation in metal container or cement concrete; combination of shredding cum autoclaving; and sent for final disposal to iron foundries (having consent to operate from the SPCB or Pollution Control Committees) or sanitary landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit. a. Glassware Disinfection (by soaking the washed glass waste after b. Metallic Body Implants cleaning with detergent and Sodium Hypochlorite treatment) or through autoclaving or microwaving or hydroclaving and then sent for recycling. Details of prescribed treatment and disposal methods for biomedical waste and their operational considerations are described below briefly: (i) o o o Incineration Incineration is a high temperature thermal process, wherein waste is combusted and converted to inert material (ash). Emission control is a critical requirement in this process. Broadly, three types of incinerators are used for hospital waste: Multiple hearth type, Rotary kiln and Controlled air type The majority of hazardous waste incinerators (>95 percent) are controlled air units, a small percentage (<2 percent) are excess air (multiple hearth) and less than one percent are identified as rotary kiln. Incinerators may have primary and secondary combustion chambers to ensure optimal combustion. Controlled air incineration now dominates the market for new systems at hospitals and similar medical facilities. This technology is also known as starved air incineration, two-stage incineration, or modular combustion. Standards for Operating Incineration Biomedical waste incinerators are required to meet the following operating and emission standards in accordance with the Bio-medical Waste (M&H) Rules, 2016: A. Operating Standards i. Combustion Efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00% ii. The combustion efficiency is computed as follows: Page 88 of 120

96 iii. iv. C.E= %CO2 x 100/(% CO2 + %CO) The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 C and the secondary chamber shall be minimum of 1050 C + or 50 C The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 2 seconds B. Emission Standards: S. No. Parameter Limiting concentration in mg Nm 3 unless stated Standards Sampling Duration in minutes unless stated 1. Particulate Matter or INM3 of sample volume, whichever is more 2. Nitrogen Oxides NO and NO for online sampling or grab sample 3. HCl or INM3 of sample volume, whichever is more 4. Total Dioxins and Furans 5. Hg and its compounds 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3 (at 11% O2) 8 hours or 5 NM3 of sample volume, whichever is more hours or INM3 of sample volume, whichever is more C. Stack Height: Minimum stack height shall be 30 meters above the ground and shall be attached with the necessary monitoring facilities as per requirement of monitoring of general parameters as notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and in accordance with the Central Pollution Control Board Guidelines of Emission Regulation Part-III. Some other points to be taken into consideration are: Waste to be incinerated not to be disinfected with chlorine containing substances. Chlorinated plastics (PVC) should not be incinerated. Toxic metals in incineration ash should be limited to within regulatory quantities. Only low sulphur fuels like LDO/LSHS are to be used as fuel Ash from incineration of bio-medical waste shall be disposed of at common hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility. It may be disposed of in municipal landfill, if the toxic metals in incineration ash are within the regulatory quantities as defined under the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 as amended from time to time. Page 89 of 120

97 (ii) Autoclave: Autoclaving is a low-heat thermal process where steam is brought into direct contact with waste in a controlled manner and for sufficient duration to disinfect the wastes. For ease and safety in operation, the system should be horizontal type and exclusively designed for the treatment of bio-medical waste. For optimum results, pre-vacuum based system should be preferred against the gravity type system. Standards for Operating Autoclave: o o o o o When operating a gravity flow autoclave, medical waste shall be subjected to: A temperature of not less than 121 C and pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi) for an autoclave residence time of not less than 60 minutes; or A temperature of not less than 135 C and a pressure of 31 psi for an autoclave residence time of not less than 45 minutes; or A temperature of not less than 149 C and a pressure of 52 psi for an autoclave residence time of not less than 30 minutes. When operating a vacuum autoclave, medical waste shall be subjected to a minimum of three pre vacuum pulse to purge the autoclave of all air. The waste shall be subjected to the following: A temperature of not less than 121 C and a pressure of 15 psi for an autoclave residence time of not less than 45 minutes; or A temperature of not less than 135 C and a pressure of 31 psi for an autoclave residence time of not less than 30 minutes. Medical waste shall not be considered properly treated unless all time/ temperature/ pressure indicators indicate that the required time / temperature / pressure were reached during the autoclave process. If for any reasons, time /temperature / pressure indicator indicates that the required temperature, pressure or residence time was not reached, the entire load of medical waste must be autoclaved again until the proper temperature, pressure and residence time were achieved Spore testing: The autoclave should completely and consistently kill the approved biological indicator at the maximum design capacity of each autoclave unit. Biological indicator for autoclave shall be Bacillus stearothermophilus spores using vials or spore strips, with at least 1*104 spores per million. o Under no circumstances will an autoclave have minimum operating parameters less than a residence time of 30 minutes, regardless of temperature and pressure, a temperature less than 121 C or a pressure less than 15 psi. o It has to be conducted once in three months and records have to be maintained. Page 90 of 120

98 (iii) Microwave Treatment Microwaving is a process which disinfects the waste by the thermal effect of electromagnetic radiation spectrum lying between the frequencies 300 and 300,000 MHz. Microwave heats the targeted material from inside out, providing a high level of disinfection. Microwave technology has certain benefits, such as absence of harmful air emissions (when adequate provision of containment and filters is made), absence of liquid discharges, nonrequirement of chemicals, reduced volume of waste (due to shredding and moisture loss) and operator safety (due to automatic hoisting arrangement for the waste bins into the hopper so that manual contact with the waste bags is not necessary). However, the investment cost is high at present. Standards for Operating Microwave The microwave should completely and consistently kill the bacteria and other pathogenic organisms that are ensured by approved biological indicator at the maximum design capacity of each microwave unit. Biological indicators for microwave shall be Bacillus atrophaeusspores using vials or spore strips with at least 1 x 104 spores per detachable strip. The biological indicator shall be placed with waste and exposed to same conditions as the waste during a normal treatment cycle. Microwave treatment shall not be used for cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive wastes, contaminated animal carcasses, body parts and large metal items. The microwave system shall comply with the efficacy test or routine tests and a performance guarantee may be provided by the supplier before operation of the limit. (iv) Hydroclave Treatment Hydroclave is a steam sterilization process like the autoclave. It is carried out in a double walled container, in which the steam is injected into the outer jacket to heat the inner chamber containing the waste. Hydroclave can treat the same waste as the autoclave plus the waste sharps. The sharps are also fragmented. This technology has certain benefits, such as, absence of harmful air emissions, absence of liquid discharges, non -requirement of chemicals, reduced volume and weight of waste etc. Standards for Operating Hydroclave The system operates at 132 C and 36 psi steam pressure for sterilisation time of 20 minutes. The total time for a cycle is about 50 minutes, which includes start-up, heat-up, sterilisation, venting and depressurisation and dehydration. The treated material can further Page 91 of 120

99 be shredded before disposal. The expected volume and weight reductions are upto 85% and 70% respectively. (v) Chemical Disinfection Chemical disinfection is recommended for waste sharps, solid and liquid wastes as well as chemical wastes. Standards for Operating Hydroclave Chemical treatment involves use of at least 1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum contact period of 30 minutes or other equivalent chemical reagents such as phenolic compounds, iodine, hexachlorophene, iodine -alcohol or formaldehyde -alcohol combination etc. Pre-shredding of the waste is desirable for better contact with the waste material. The table no. 2.6 below gives an overview of all the standard technologies to be used for treating biomedical waste. Table 2.6: Comparison of Treatment Technologies for Bio-medical Wastes Treatment Systems Autoclave Hydroclave Microwave Incinerator Chemical Disinfection Description Sterilization Efficacy Steam sterilization (Direct heating) Steam sterilization (indirect heating), simultaneous shredding and dehydration Microwave heating of pre-shredded waste High temperature waste incineration Medium Medium Medium High (total destruction of microorganisms) Mixing preground waste with chemicals such as chlorine Dependent on chlorine strength and dispersement through the waste Capital Cost Low Low High High Moderate Operating Cost Low Low High High Low Operator Low skill Low skill level Automated, High level High level Page 92 of 120

100 Treatment Systems Maintenance Skills Air Emissions Water Emissions Treated Waste Characteristics Autoclave Hydroclave Microwave Incinerator Chemical Disinfection level required Odorous, may contain live microorganisms Odorous, may contain live microorganisms Wet waste, all material recognizable required Odorous but sterile Odorous but sterile Dehydrated, shredded waste, unrecognizable material but highly complex and high level maintenance skill required operator and maintenance skills required Negligible None None Negligible None None Shredded but wet waste Mostly ash, may contain toxic substances required for chemical control and grinder Shredded wet waste, containing chemicals used as disinfectants Page 93 of 120

101 3. Industrial Waste Management Typically, industrial wastes are classified into two types: i. Hazardous industrial waste ii. Non-hazardous industrial waste Hazardous waste is defined as any substance excluding domestic and radioactive wastes, which because of its quantity and/or corrosive, reactive, ignitable, toxic and infectious characteristics causes significant hazards to human health or environment when improperly treated, stored, transported and disposed. Any waste, by virtue of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, is classified as hazardous waste. Thus, a waste is hazardous if it exhibits whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, any of the characteristics identified below: corrosivity reactivity ignitability toxicity explosive acute toxicity infectious property 3.1. Industrial Profile of the city of Kota Kota has witnessed rapid industrial growth in the last few decades and is often called as the Industrial Capital of Rajasthan. It has become one of the fastest growing cities in terms of industrial development and is home to cement, pharmaceutical, chemical, drugs, petrochemical, pesticide & fertilizer industries. Some of the other industries include cotton and oilseed milling, textile weaving, distilling, dairying, and the manufacture of metal handcrafts, extensive stonepolishing industry (a variety of stone called Kota Stone is very popular regionally). Kota has one of India's largest cluster of welding units (welding rods). The large number of heavy industries has made it the industrial heartland of Rajasthan. Apart from the above mentioned industries, presently Kota also has: Power Stations: Kota is the only city in India which has 3 different types of Power Stations viz. Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear & Gas. Kota Stone Industry: The fine-grained variety of limestone is known as Kota stone, with rich greenish-blue and brown colours. The city has several Kota Stone polishing units. Kota stone Page 94 of 120

102 is used for flooring and wall cladding, paving and facades of buildings. It is a cheap alternative to expensive marbles Number of Industries in Kota City As per the Regional Office, State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at Kota, there are 681 industries within the Kota City jurisdiction. Small Industries: 657 Medium Industries: 6 Large: 18 Figure 3.1 gives a distribution of industries in Kota, based on their size. Large 3% Medium 1% Small 96% Figure 3.1: Distribution of Industries based on size Page 95 of 120

103 The industries are classified as micro, small, medium and large based on the investment in plant and machinery (for manufacturing enterprises) The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 categorizes and classifies industries as following 16 : A. In the case of the enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, as i. a micro enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery does not exceed twenty five lakh rupees; ii. a small enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery is more than twenty five lakh rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees; or iii. a medium enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery is more than five crore rupees but does not exceed ten crore rupees; B. Industries with a fixed asset of more than one hundred million rupees are called large scale industries. Out of the 18 large industries, detailed information for the 6 industries was available with the Regional Office, SPCB and is provided below: 16 Ministry of micro, Small & Medium Enterprises. Available at: Page 96 of 120

104 S. No. 1. M/s Kota Zila Dugdh Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Limited, Rawat Road, Kota 2. M/s Kota Super Thermal Power Station Table 3.1: Industrial Process and Emissions in Kota City Industry Product Type Process Type Annual Presence of Production Furnace/Boiler 3. Shriram Vinyl & Chemical Industries, Shriram Nagar, Kota 4. Shriram Cement Works, Shriram Nagar, Kota 5. Shriram Fertilizers & Chemicals (Power Plant) Types of Fuel Used Annual Quantity of fuel use Milk Products Milk Processing KL Boiler Furnace Oil 342 KL Electricity Power Plant 1240 MW Boiler Coal MT Calcium Carbide & Acetylene Cement Power 6. Shriram Rayons Carbon di sulphide Calcium Carbide Manufacturing Cement manufacturing Captive Power Plant Ton Furnace Electricity MW MT Furnace Coal & Pet Coke MT MW Boiler Coal Ton Carbon di sulphide 4500 MT Furnace Electricity (Source: Regional Office, SPCB, Kota, 2016) Page 97 of 120

105 The map below gives the location and distribution of the above major industries across the city. Figure 3.2: Location of Major Industries in Kota City 3.3. Categorization of Industries (Based on Pollution Index) Very recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released the revised four-colour coded classification scheme for industries based on their pollution potential. The four-colour coded scheme of industrial sectors is based on the Pollution Index (PI) which is a function of following: i. Emissions (air pollutants) ii. Effluents (water pollutants) iii. hazardous wastes generated and iv. Consumption of resources The PI of any industry is a number from 0 to 100 and the increasing value of the PI denotes the increasing degree of pollution load from the industry. Page 98 of 120

106 The criteria for classification of industries are as follows: Red Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 60 and above. These are severe polluting industries which include sugar, thermal power plants, paints and others. Orange Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 41 to 59. They are moderately polluting industries and include coal, washeries and automobile servicing and others. Green Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 21 to 40. They are significantly low polluting industries White Industry: Industrial sectors having PI score including and upto 20. They are nonpolluting industries and are exempted from requirement of environmental clearance. (Source: CPCB, 2016) Industries in Kota are also categorized based on their pollution load for the purpose of regulating location of industries, consent management and formulation of norms related to surveillance and inspection of industries. Following the above classification, 681 industries in Kota City are also categorized into Red, Green & Orange based on the total quantity and characteristic of different types of waste generated and production in industries. The numbers of industries in each category is below and illustrated in graph (Figure 3.3): 160 industries in Red Category 363 industries in Orange Category 158 industries in Green Category Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Figure 3.3: Distribution of Industries based on Pollution Index Page 99 of 120

107 3.4. Hazardous Waste Units in Kota District As per current information obtained by State pollution Control Board (SPCB), it is estimated that there are at least 33 hazardous waste generating units in Kota District and their waste generation is about million tons per annum (MTA). The hazardous waste being produced in Kota district accounts for 1.71% of the total hazardous waste being produced in the State of Rajasthan. The types and number of industries generating hazardous waste is given below (table 3.2): Table 3.2: Types and Number of Industries Generating Hazardous Waste in Kota District S. No. Types of Industries Number of Units 1. Cement 2 2. Ceramics 2 3. Chemical 4 4. Chlor Alkali 1 5. Engineering 2 6. Fertilizer 2 7. Petroleum Drilling/Storage 4 8. Secondary production of metals Others 3 Total 33 (Source: SPCB, 2014) As per the data provided by SPCB, around 5814 MTA of waste produced falls into the category of Schedule I 17 while MTA of waste falls under Schedule II. The graph below (Figure no.3.4) gives an idea about the Schedule I and Schedule II waste generated. 17 According to the HW(M, H & TM) Rules,2016, hazardous waste is further categorized into Schedule I and Schedule II for the ease of selecting disposal options. Schedule I includes hazardous waste generated mainly from 36 industrial processes. Schedule II includes list of wastes that are hazardous by virtue of their concentration limits. Available at: Page 100 of 120

108 Schedule I Schedule II Schedule I Schedule II Figure 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota (MTA) Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota City As per the latest information provided from SPCB, 2014, there are approximately 681 registered industrial units in Kota City; out of which 18 industrial units produces hazardous waste. Further analysis reveals that the industries within the city are generating approximately MTA of hazardous waste that needs proper treatment and disposal. The figure below illustrates that approximately 94% of hazardous waste being produced in the entire district of Kota is generated within the city jurisdiction, which needs attention. Figure 3.5: Relative Production of Hazardous Waste in Kota City Page 101 of 120

109 Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Kota As per the Hazardous Waste Rules, industries have to store hazardous waste properly, and in accordance with authorization issued by SPCBs/PCCs. The waste produced either has to be reused or disposed in captive or common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) if available in the State, or incinerated in a captive incinerator of its own, or in a common TSDF having incineration facility, based on type of waste. Following methods have been adopted for the treatment, recycling/reprocessing and disposal of hazardous wastes generated in Kota: Common Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility at Udaipur Individual Secured Landfill Facilities Incinerator at Bhairor (Alwar) Recycler/Reprocessor of the used/waste oil Co-processing in major cement plant Various disposal practices employed for managing hazardous waste generated in Kota district are tabulated below in table 3.3 and figure 3.6. Table 3.3: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in Kota District Hazardous Waste Disposal (MTA) Total Discarded Containers (Number) Land Disposal* Incineration Reprocessed (Source: SPCB, 2014) *Hazardous waste is disposed in the secured landfill facility at common TSDF at Udaipur. The Hazardous Waste (M&H&TM) Rules, 2016 has defined criteria for acceptable characteristics of hazardous waste for disposal into secured landfill and warrants prior treatment i.e., stabilization, etc. for certain types of wastes Page 102 of 120

110 Reprocessed 54% Land Disposal 46% Incineration 0% Figure 3.6: Hazardous Waste Disposal Practices in Kota District Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility at Udaipur Subsequent to pursuance of the State Pollution Control Board, Udaipur Chamber of Commerce and Industries (UCCI), Udaipur identified a site (nearly 8 Hectares) near Village Gudli, Teh Mavli Distt. Udaipur for the common treatment facility. The SPCB took the initiative for development of Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CTSDF) and carried out an EIA study of the referred site through M/s. National Productivity Council (NPC) in the year The State Board forwarded EIA report with recommendations to the State Govt. The UCCI subsequently constituted a Trust in 2002 named as Udaipur Industrial Waste Management and Research Centre (The Trust) under the Chairmanship of district Collector, Udaipur for development of disposal facility on set apart land. The Trust selected M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. Hyderabad for development of disposal facility on BOT basis at envisaged cost of INR 18 Crores. The work of development of 1st Phase of the CTSDF was completed and commissioned in the end of October 06. The second cell has also been developed which made operational in the month of March, The State Board has also granted authorization which is valid up to CTDF s application of renewal of authorization is under consideration. The facility has received MT of hazardous waste for landfill in the period of to Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Practice in Kota City The flowchart below gives an illustration of number of industries and hazardous waste units in Kota along with different treatment and disposal practices. Page 103 of 120

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