The White Certificate Scheme in New South Wales, Australia
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1 The White Certificate Scheme in New South Wales, Australia Dr David Crossley Managing Director Energy Futures Australia Pty Ltd IEA Demand Side Management Programme Task 14 Workshop on White Certificates Paris, France, 14 April 2005
2 Disclaimer During 2003, David Crossley was engaged by the Administrator of the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme to provide advice on the establishment of the demand side abatement component of the Scheme David s engagement finished at the end of the trial period for the Scheme The Scheme Administrator has provided information for this presentation However, the presentation does not represent the views of the Scheme Administrator, the New South Wales Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal or the New South Wales Government 2
3 Australia not Wales 3
4 or a Different View of the World 4
5 State of New South Wales Sydney 5
6 NSW White Certificates White certificates in New South Wales are part of a larger scheme, the NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme Obligations to reduce GHG emissions under the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme were imposed from 1 January 2003 and the Scheme started operating in mid-2003 This makes the NSW Scheme the first operational white certificates scheme in the world 6
7 Outline of Presentation New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme Environmental Credits (NGACs) in the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme What is demand side abatement? Demand side abatement projects How are demand side abatement NGACs created? Methods for calculating the number of NGACs generated by demand side abatement projects Performance of the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Trading of NGACs Issues with white certificate in the NSW Scheme 7
8 Not in Presentation This presentation covers only operational aspects of the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme It does not cover the policy context, objectives and outcomes of the NSW Scheme 8
9 New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 9 9
10 NSW GHG Abatement Scheme The NSW GHG Abatement Scheme is a mandatory scheme to reduce the GHG emission intensity of electricity generation in NSW Commencing on 1 January 2003, electricity retailers and other parties are required by legislation to meet mandatory targets for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases resulting from the electricity they supply or consume Therefore the NSW Scheme is a baseline and credit scheme (typically giving rise to environmental credits) rather than a cap and trade scheme (typically using permits and allowances) 10
11 NSW GHG Emission Benchmark The NSW Government has set a state-wide benchmark (baseline) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in New South Wales The benchmark requires a reduction to 7.27 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita by 2007 This is five per cent below the per capita emissions in New South Wales in the Kyoto Protocol baseline year of 1989/90 11
12 NSW GHG Emission Targets (1) To ensure continual progress towards the 2007 benchmark, progressively tighter targets have been set year-on-year The initial target in 2003 was 8.65 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita The target is being progressively reduced, leading to the final benchmark level of 7.27 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2007 The level of 7.27 tonnes per capita will then be maintained until at least
13 NSW GHG Emission Targets (2) Benchmark: 5% reduction in 1989/90 emissions by Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (t CO 2 -e) Calendar year Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 13
14 Benchmark versus Emissions millions tco 2 -e Benchmark (actual) Benchmark (forecast) Benchmarks Emissions (actual) Emissions Emissions (forecast) Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 14
15 Benchmark Participants (1) Under the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme, parties who are required to meet targets for greenhouse gas emissions are called benchmark participants Each year, the Scheme sets individual benchmark reductions of greenhouse gas emissions for each benchmark participant based on their contribution to the supply of electricity in New South Wales Each benchmark participant then has to reduce the average emissions of greenhouse gases from the electricity they supply or consume to the pre-set individual benchmark level 15
16 Benchmark Participants (2) Benchmark participants comprise: retail electricity suppliers who hold NSW electricity retail licences ( electricity retailers ); electricity customers taking supply directly from the Australian National Electricity Market; electricity generators with contracts to supply electricity directly to large customers located in NSW; certain other parties who consume large quantities of electricity in New South Wales and who elect to participate directly in the Scheme, rather than have their electricity retailer manage the emission reduction obligation in relation to the electricity they consume 16
17 Penalty for Non-Compliance A penalty for non-compliance is payable when a benchmark participant does not reduce the average emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity they supply or consume to their pre-set individual benchmark level Benchmark participants are allowed to carry forward a greenhouse shortfall of up to 10% of their greenhouse benchmark from one year to the next Currently, the penalty is AUD (EUR 6.25) per tonne of CO2-e above the participant s benchmark; the penalty is increased in line with inflation The penalty is not tax-deductible; therefore at the Australian company marginal tax rate of 30%, the financial impact of the penalty is about AUD (EUR 8.15) per tonne of CO2-e 17
18 Environmental Credits (NGACs) in the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme 18 18
19 Environmental Credits Under a baseline and credit scheme, credits are awarded for either: doing something; or not doing something, that results in a favourable impact on the environment Environmental credits are usually tradeable - they have a value Under the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme, environmental credits are awarded for reducing the GHG emission intensity of electricity generation in New South Wales 19
20 NSW Greenhouse Abatement Certificates (1) The environmental credits applicable to the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme are called New South Wales Greenhouse Abatement Certificates ( NGACs ) NGACs are surrendered by benchmark participants to offset their excess emissions above the level of their greenhouse gas benchmark One NGAC represents the abatement of one tonne of CO 2 -e associated with the consumption of electricity in New South Wales 20
21 NSW Greenhouse Abatement Certificates (2) To create NGACs, parties must be accredited by the Scheme Administrator; they are then called Accredited Abatement Certificate Providers NGACs can be created in four ways: through low-emission generation of electricity; through activities that result in reduced consumption of electricity ( demand side abatement ); through the capture of carbon from the atmosphere in forests ( carbon sequestration ); through industrial activities that reduce on-site GHG emissions not directly related to electricity consumption 21
22 NGACs - Supply and Demand Supply Demand Accredited Abatement Certificate Providers Benchmark Participants Low emission electricity generation Demand side abatement Forest-based carbon sequestration Industrial processes Electricity retailers Market customers Generators who supply electricity directly Large electricity users (elected in) 22
23 What is Demand Side Abatement? 23 23
24 What is Demand Side Abatement? Demand Side Abatement is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from actions taken on the customer side of the meter ( the demand side ) In the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme, demand side abatement is defined and governed by the Demand Side Abatement Rule ( DSA Rule ) which is a statutory instrument 24
25 Demand Side Abatement Activities Demand side abatement comprises five types of activities: Energy efficiency: modifying existing installations Energy efficiency: replacing existing installations Energy efficiency: implementing a new installation that uses less electricity than an installation of the same type Fuel switching: substituting one source of energy for another On-site electricity generation: replacing supply from the National Electricity Market NGACs created through energy efficiency projects are white certificates 25
26 Non-DSA Activities Demand side abatement excludes: activities for which NGACs can be created under other Rules in the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Green Power purchases reduction of losses in electricity transmission or distribution networks installation of solar water heaters which are eligible to create Renewable Energy Certificates under Australian federal government legislation 26
27 Demand Side Abatement Projects 27 27
28 Types of DSA Projects DSA Projects Accredited as at January 2005 On-site generation Fuel switching 8% 2% Residential Energy Efficiency 16% Industrial Energy Efficiency 25% Commercial Energy Efficiency Efficiency 39% Commercial Energy 49% Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 28
29 Commercial Energy Efficiency Commercial energy efficiency projects include: lighting upgrades boiler and chiller upgrades installation of variable speed drives on fans and pumps Sites include banks, supermarkets, hotels, clubs 29
30 Residential Energy Efficiency (1) 30
31 Residential Energy Efficiency (2) 31
32 Industrial Energy Efficiency Electricity Hydrogen H 2 Salt (NaCl) Water (H 2 O) Chlorine Production Hydrogen (H 2 ) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) Caustic Soda (NaOH) Hydrochloric Acid Production Hydrochloric Acid Ferrous Chloride FeCl 3 Sodium Hypochlorite Production Ferric Chloride Production Process where electricity consumption reduction occurred Sodium Hydroxide NaOH (Caustic Soda) Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl Chlorine Gas Cl 2 Ferric Chloride FeCl 4 32
33 On-site Generation 33
34 How Are Demand Side Abatement NGACs Created? 34 34
35 Responsibility for Creating DSA NGACs In the DSA Rule, the person responsible for creating NGACs is termed the Abator Initially, the Abator for a DSA project is the person contractually responsible for paying for the energy consumption at the abatement site The initial Abator may nominate in writing another person to be the Abator Assignment of the ability to create NGACs enables third parties to specialise in the creation of DSA NGACs 35
36 Abator Nomination Form Source: Advertisement by Low Energy Supplies and Services 36
37 Timing for Creating DSA NGACs (1) Generally, NGACs may be created only after the corresponding demand side abatement has taken place NGACs must be created no later than six months after the end of the calendar year in which abatement occurs Timing of NGAC creation may be varied for projects which generate only small quantities of NGACs this applies particularly to DSA projects 37
38 Timing for Creating DSA NGACs (2) For small projects, the timing for creating NGACs may be varied to allow up to 2000 NGACs to be created at one time The Abator may create up to 2000 NGACs before abatement of the corresponding 2000 tco2-e actually occurs For example, the Abator may elect to deem that 2000 tco2-e have been abated on the date on which the abatement first commences and create the corresponding 2000 NGACs at that time Once the abatement has actually occurred, the abator may continue creating NGACs in lots of
39 Eligibility to Create DSA NGACs To be eligible to create NGACs, an Abator must be accredited with the Scheme Administrator as a DSA Abatement Certificate Provider To be eligible to generate NGACs, a DSA project: must be implemented in NSW must be implemented after 1 January 2002 must result in reduced GHG emissions after 1 January
40 Accreditation Process (1) During the accreditation process, the Scheme Administrator examines the eligibility of the proposed DSA project; and the calculation methods used to estimate the number of NGACs the project will generate Detailed guidance is provided by the DSA Rule An audit may used to obtain assurance about the record keeping methodology proposed and specific uncertainties in relation to the project 40
41 Accreditation Process (2) 41
42 Accreditation Process (3) 42
43 Accreditation Process (4) 43
44 Accreditation Process (5) 44
45 Compliance and Performance Monitoring The objectives are: to assist in monitoring compliance (baselines, accreditation conditions, annual reporting) to bring transparency to the operation of the Scheme to assist in annual reporting on the Scheme to the Minister to contribute to the overall integrity of the Scheme Compliance is monitored through: the audit regime (both before and after project implementation) periodic reporting incident reporting controls within the Registry 45
46 Methods for Calculating the Number of NGACs Generated by DSA Projects 46 46
47 How Many NGACs? Demand Side Abatement occurs when a project results in a reduction in GHG emissions compared with the level of emissions without the project Therefore, calculating the number of NGACs generated by a project requires measuring the GHG emissions before and after the project is implemented 47
48 Methods for Calculating DSA NGACs Number of NGACs = Emissions Abated Calculated using following methods Project Impact Assessment Metered Baseline Default Abatement Factors Generation Emissions 48
49 Project Assessment Method (1) The Project Assessment Method is most appropriate when: the abatement is small compared to electricity consumption at the site baseline energy consumption data for the site is unavailable unexplained variation in the baseline is high 49
50 Project Assessment Method (2) Emissions Abated Reduced Energy Consumption X Emissions Coefficient Estimated from engineering assessment Pool coefficient or scheduled emissions factor 50
51 Project Assessment Method (3) Number of NGACs Emissions Abated X Confidence Factor Calculated from engineering assessment Depends on level of accuracy of engineering assessment 51
52 Metered Baseline Method (1) The Metered Baseline Method may only be used where the measurements of energy consumption are of a standard and duration enabling the number of NGACs to be determined to a level of accuracy acceptable to the Scheme Administrator 52
53 Metered Baseline Method (2) Emissions Abated Reduced Energy Consumption X Confidence Factor X Emissions Coefficient Calculated from before and after metering Depends on level of unexplained variance in the baseline Pool coefficient or scheduled emissions factor 53
54 Metered Baseline Method (3) Number of NGACs Emissions Abated 54
55 Metered Baseline Method (4) There are our different approaches to calculating the reduction in energy consumption, depending upon the relationship of the baseline to output and the extent of variability in the baseline Metered Baseline Method Baseline unaffected by output Baseline per unit of output Normalised Baselines Australian Building Greenhouse Rating 55
56 Default Abatement Factors Method (1) The DSA Rule specifies Default Abatement Factors for certain common equipment and installations These include: compact fluorescent lamps refrigerators washing machines certain electric motors replacing an electric hot water system with a gas one 56
57 Default Abatement Factors Method (2) The Default Abatement Factors Method may only be used if: a Default Abatement Factor for the equipment or installation is included in the DSA Rule the equipment or installation, once installed, remains in place and operative for the Default Service Lifetime specified the DSA Rule 57
58 Default Abatement Factors Method (3) Default Emission Abatement Factors Gas hot water system replacing an electric one 20 Compact fluorescent lamp rated at hours 0.5 Compact fluorescent lamp rated at hours 0.3 AAA showerhead connected to an electric 4.0 hot water system AAA showerhead connected to a hot water 3.1 system with an unknown energy source Refrigerator 3.5 to 6 star rating 0.1 to 2.5 Clothes washer 2.5 to 6 star rating 1.3 to 3.5 Clothes dryer 3 to 6 star rating 0.3 to 1.2 Dishwasher 4 to 6 star rating 0.1 to
59 Default Abatement Factors Method (4) Number of NGACs Number of Installations X Default Abatement Factor Determined after completion of project Specified in DSA Rule 59
60 Generation Emissions Method Applicable only to electricity generated and used on site Similar approach to the Generation Rule which is used for low GHG emission generation by large scale electricity generators Not relevant for energy efficiency NGACs (ie white certificates) 60
61 Caveats for Calculation Methods The result must reasonably reflect the extent to which emissions are abated by the DSA project undertaken The assumptions used must be reasonable and follow common engineering practice The NGACs calculated must be reasonably attributable to the DSA project undertaken The time period over which NGACs are calculated must reasonably reflect the time period over which GHG emissions are abated by the DSA project undertaken The calculation must exclude GHG emissions from the consumption or combustion of non-stationary energy sources 61
62 Performance of the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme 62 62
63 Overall Scheme Performance To March projects of all types accredited Total of 11.6 million NGACs registered 6.2 million NGACs surrendered to date >920,000 demand side abatement NGACs registered (8%) Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 63
64 Demand Side Abatement NGACs (1) DSA NGACs Registered as at January 2005 Residential Energy Residential Energy Efficiency Efficiency 6% 6% Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Efficiency Efficiency 5% 5% Industrial Energy Industrial Efficiency Energy Efficiency 11% 11% On-site generation 78% Fuel switching <1% Fuel Switching <1% Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 64
65 Demand Side Abatement NGACs (2) 600,000 DSA NGACs Registered 400, ,000 More frequent registrations of bigger tranches of certificates 0 Nov 03 Jan 05 Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 65
66 Total NGACs 10 8 Total NGACs Registered Last day to create 2003 certificates DSA (millions) 6 4 Generation 2 0 Nov 03 Jan 05 Source: NSW GHG Abatement Scheme Administrator 66
67 Trading of NGACs 67 67
68 Registering NGACs Accredited Certificate Providers register the NGACs they create in an online Registry, based on the provider s conditions of accreditation A fee of AUD 0.15 (EUR 0.09) is payable by the provider for each NGAC registered The registration fee must be paid before NGACs are available for any further transaction No fee applies for the transfer or surrender of NGACs 68
69 Buying and Selling NGACs Buying and selling of NGACs is done in the open market with ownership transfers performed through the Registry Purchasers can self-register on the Registry and then buy NGACs The Scheme Administrator is not involved with trading of NGACs and the Registry is not a trading platform The maximum price for NGACs in the open market is set by the tax-related financial impact of the penalty for non-compliance, ie AUD (EUR 8.15) per NGAC 69
70 Wholesale Market Turnover Source: Next Generation Energy Solutions 70
71 Outlook for NGAC Prices (Dec 2003) Source: Next Generation Energy Solutions 71
72 Outlook for NGAC Prices (Dec 2004) Source: Next Generation Energy Solutions 72
73 Use of NGACs There is increasing interest from non-liable parties in buying NGACs NGACs are recognised as evidence of verified and legitimate greenhouse gas abatement NGACs are increasingly being used outside the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme eg to provide GHG emission offsets for events or products to channel environmental funds to GHG abatement for use in other schemes that allow projectbased offsets 73
74 Issues with White Certificates in the NSW Scheme 74 74
75 Transaction Costs Energy efficiency is recognised as the lowest cost GHG abatement option However, a major issue has been the relatively large transaction costs for small energy efficiency projects Applicants pay a fee of AUD 500 (EUR 300) per project for accreditation and also pay for audits - the average cost of an audit is about AUD10,500 (EUR 6,250) The Scheme Administrator has worked to minimise the transaction costs and the administrative burden The Administrator is working with interested parties to sensibly structure energy efficiency projects It may be possible to reduce transaction costs per project by combining small projects with different geographic locations, installation types, calculation methods, etc 75
76 Default Abatement Factors Method The DSA Rule provisions governing the Default Abatement Factors Method have been amended to develop a streamlined approach to create easy access for proven devices Proven devices include: AAA rated showerheads, natural gas hot water systems star rated energy appliances (ie energy labelling) An Installation Discount Factor has been introduced to overcome concerns about ongoing monitoring 76
77 ABGR Method for Setting Baselines The Australian Building Greenhouse Rating (ABGR) is a rating for commercial buildings which includes measurement of the energy consumption of the building ABGR is recognised by the NSW GHG Abatement Scheme as a method for setting the baseline electricity consumption by a building An NGAC calculator has now been attached to the ABGR rating form The Scheme Administrator has assessed the ABGR requirements for record keeping and metering Energy efficiency projects with a current ABGR rating will (in general) be accredited without further audit 77
78 More Information NSW Scheme Website: David Crossley: 78
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