Biogeochemistry of Wetlands

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1 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Si Science and da Applications Biogeochemical Indicators Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Instructor K. Ramesh Reddy 6/22/2008 WBL 1 1 Biogeochemical Indicators Topic Outline Introduction Concept of indicators Guidelines for Indicator Development Levels of Indicators Sampling protocol an design Data analysis 6/22/2008 WBL 2 1

2 Biogeochemical Indicators- Nutrient Impacts/Recovery What physical, chemical, and biological properties are affected by nutrient impacts? What biogeochemical processes are affected by nutrient loading to wetlands? What biogeochemical indicators or endpoints can be measured to determine nutrient impacts/recovery of wetlands? Is there a sufficient range of values for biogeochemical indicators so that they may serve as sensitive indicators of nutrient impact/recovery? Does the distribution and central tendency of biogeochemical indicators discriminate between natural spatial variability and anthropogenic impact in wetlands? 6/22/2008 WBL 3 Guidelines for Indicator Development Conceptual Relevance: Is the indicator relevant to the assessment question (management concern) and to the ecological l resource or function at risk? Feasibility of Implementation: Are the methods for sampling and measuring the environmental variables technically feasible, appropriate, and efficient for use in a monitoring program? Response Variability: Are human errors of measurements and natural variability over time and space sufficiently understood and documented? Interpretation and Utility: Will the indicator convey information on ecological conditions that is meaningful to environmental decision-making? (Jackson et al., 2000, USEPA). 6/22/2008 WBL 4 2

3 Nutrient Cycling in Soil and Water Column Submerged macrophyte Emergent macrophyte Periphyton Water Soil N C S P Bioavailable nutrients 6/22/2008 WBL 5 Nutrient Impacts on Detritus, Soil, and Water Impacted Unimpacted Hours to Days < 2 years < years Water Detritus 0-10 cm Hours to Days < 2 years < years >10-15 years cm > years 6/22/2008 WBL 6 3

4 Nutrient Impacts in Wetlands External Nutrient Load Periphyton Vegetation Water Detritus 0-10 cm cm Microbial/Chemical Processes Internal Nutrient Load 6/22/2008 WBL 7 Biogeochemical Indicators Cost Sensitiv vity Spatial Res solution Respons e Time Micro Macro Scale of measurement of a Process or an Indicator, and it s influence on cost and response time 6/22/2008 WBL 8 4

5 Biogeochemical Processes/Indicators Nutrient load Hydrology Sediment load Soil-Water Column Spatial/ Temporal Patterns Biogeochemical Process Biogeochemical Indicator [Endpoint] Ecological Function Stressors/ Regulators Algae/ Vegetation Fish Diversity Microbial Diversity 6/22/2008 WBL 9 Biogeochemical Indicators The indicators can be measured at three levels: Level I - low cost, easily measurable, and less sensitive. Level II - medium cost, moderate complexity, and moderately sensitive. Level III Level III - high cost, very complex, and highly sensitive. 6/22/2008 WBL 10 5

6 Biogeochemical Indicators Level I - Indicators Water column: Causal variable Detritus/Soil: Response and Causal variables Level II Indicators Water, detritus, and Soil: Response variables Level III Indicators Water, detritus, and Soil: Response variables 6/22/2008 WBL 11 Level -I Water Column Dissolved oxygen Bioavailable nutrients Ammonium N; nitrate N; dissolved reactive P; dissolved total P Total phosphorus and nitrogen Chemical composition of periphyton Total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon Carbon-nitrogen ratios Carbon-phosphorus ratio ph Suspended solids Conductivity Salinity Turbidity Alkalinity Color Biochemical oxygen demand Water depth Hardness Conservative tracers 6/22/2008 WBL 12 6

7 Level -I Soil and Detrital/floc Layers Floc depth Bulk density Soil ph Soil redox potential Extractable nutrients (HCl and Mehlich III) Extractable ammonium Loss on ignition (LOI) Total P, N, and S C:N:P:S ratios Extractable metals 6/22/2008 WBL 13 Level - II Water Column Primary productivity Heterotrophic respiration Extracellular enzyme activity Species composition of periphyton Diel ph and dsso dissolved oxygen Biological nitrogen fixation 6/22/2008 WBL 14 7

8 Level - II Soil and Detrital/floc Layers Microbial biomass C,N,P, and S Enzyme activities Soil porewater nutrients Soil phosphorus forms Organic nitrogen Organic and inorganic sulfur Single point phosphate isotherm Extractable metals Total mercury Pesticides Soil mineralogical composition 6/22/2008 WBL 15 Level - II Soil and Detrital/floc Layers Soil oxygen demand Soil-water nutrient exchange rates Organic matter accretion rates Equilibrium P concentration (EPC o ) Phosphorus partition coefficients Detrital decomposition rates Potentially mineralizable P, N, and S Nitrification, and denitrification Iron and sulfate reduction Methyl mercury Methanogenesis Microbial respiration 6/22/2008 WBL 16 8

9 Level - III Water Column Microbial diversity Cellular fatty acids rrna sequence analysis 6/22/2008 WBL 17 Level - III Soil and detrital layer Substrate Induced: Microbial respiration Organic nitrogen mineralization Organic phosphorus mineralization Microbial diversity Cellular fatty acids rrna sequence analysis Phosphate sorption isotherms Equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC o ) Phosphorus sorption coefficients Mineralogical composition Stability of phosphate precipitates and minerals Stable isotopes Organic P and C characterization (NMR) 6/22/2008 WBL 18 9

10 Linkage between Level I Indicators and Nutrient Load Response Vari iable Level - I Nutrient Load Causal Variable 6/22/2008 WBL 19 Linkage between Level I and Level II Indicators Response Var riable Level - II Level -I Causal Variable 6/22/2008 WBL 20 10

11 Linkage between Level II and Level III Indicators Response Vari iable Level -I II Level - II Causal Variable 6/22/2008 WBL 21 Data Analysis Primary Data Level I Analyze Data Monitor Indicators Identify Indicators STA Performance Evaluation Level II Model Parameters Hydro-Biogeochemical/ Statistical Models 6/22/2008 WBL 22 11

12 Indicator Evaluation? Complementary Indicators Ratio of impacted site relative to reference site Comparison of sensitivity, time and effort 6/22/2008 WBL 23 Nutrient Impact Index 2 : Im mpact Index log [IS/RS] Impacted Site Reference Site [IS] [RS] Background level Distance from inflow 6/22/2008 WBL 24 12

13 Im mpact Index: log [IS/RS] Impact Index Severe impact Moderate impact No Impact- background condition Moderate impact -1 Severe impact 6/22/2008 WBL 25 Total Phosphorus in WCA-2A soils (0-10 cm) /22/2008 WBL 26 13

14 Extracellular Enzymes [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Enzymes Detrital Soil layer 0-10 cm] B-D-Glucosidase Protease Alkaline Phosphatase Arylsulfatase Phenol Oxidase /22/2008 WBL 27 Organic Matter Decomposition [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic MBC MBC/TOC MBC = Microbial biomass carbon 6/22/2008 WBL 28 14

15 Nitrogen Transformations [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] PMN SINM (Alanine) MBN SINM/MBN Nitrification Denitrification N 2 fixation 1.0 SINM = Substrate induced nitrogen mineralization MBN = Microbial biomass nitrogen 6/22/2008 WBL 29 Phosphorus Transformations [Site: WCA-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] PMP SIPM (G-6-P) MBP SIPM/MBP C/P ratio Labile P i PMP = Potentially mineralizable P; SIPM = substrate induced P mineralization MBP = microbial biomass P 6/22/2008 WBL 30 15

16 Microbial Biomass N and PMN Floc- Total N and P Ratios MBN (mg kg-1) 5000 MBN PM MN (mg kg-1 d-1) 200 PMN Molar N:P ratio Molar N:P ratio 6/22/2008 WBL 31 Microbial Biomass P and PMP Floc- Total N and P Ratios MBP (mg kg-1) MBP PMP (mg kg-1 d-1) PMP Molar N:P ratio Molar N:P ratio 6/22/2008 WBL 32 16

17 Impact Index Detritus/Floc- WCA-2a Im mpact Index: log [IS/RS] Microbial Populations [ ] N 2 fixation, PMP, Labile P i B-D-Glucosidase High impact Microbial Respiration, MBC, MBP, PMN, SINM, TP, and TP Moderate impact i Protease, MBN, Phenol Oxidase, nitrification, Denitrification Arylsulfatase, TC, TN No Impact- background condition Moderate impact Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, C/P ratio, N/P Ratio High impact 6/22/2008 WBL 33 Data Analysis and Synthesis Descriptive statistics to define frequency distribution and central tendency of biogeochemical indicators Multivariate analyses to evaluate relationships between biogeochemical indicators and ecological condition Geostatistical analyses to evaluate spatial patterns and spatial structure of biogeochemical indicators Predictive modeling to forecast evolution of biogeochemical indicators and ecological integrity 6/22/2008 WBL 34 17

18 Stepwise Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Abiotic Indicators: Everglades WCA-2a 10 nicla Variate 1 (υ υ1) Cano Site F1 F4 U Canonical Variate 2 (υ2) 6/22/2008 WBL 35 Stepwise Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Biotic Indicators: Everglades WCA-2a nical Variate 1 (υ υ1) Cano Site F1 F4 U Canonical Variate 2 (υ2) 6/22/2008 WBL 36 18

19 Biogeochemical Indicators Paradigm Key Challenges Simultaneous measurements of processes and indicators at various spatial and temporal scales Integration of these measurements across scales using statistical and process models 6/22/2008 WBL 37 Minimum Data Level I Water column: Water depth Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus h Detritus/Floc: Total carbon, Total nitrogen Total phosphorus Soil: Bulk density Organic matter content, Total carbon, Total nitrogen, Total phosphorus, Extractable nitrogen, Extractable phosphorus (Mehlich 1 and 3) Extractable Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and K 00- cm 0- cm 10 cm Detrital Floc Soil 6/22/2008 WBL 38 19

20 Soil Sampling in 2003 Stratified random sampling design Total number of sampling sites (n): 1,349 (+~10% replicates) Floc/detritus 0-10 cm cm 6/22/2008 WBL 39 Biogeochemical Indicators Summary Indicators may reflect biological, chemical, or physical attributes that can be used to characterize current status or to predict impact or change. Such indicators of wetland ecosystem integrity should be sensitive, reliable, accurate, rapid, and inexpensive. Indicators should be clearly understood and accepted by scientists, environmental managers, and policy makers. Indicator levels in accessing impact to wetland ecosystem may be based on the ease of measurement and the ability to respond to change. Level I indicators are easily measurable whereas level II and III indicators provide more scientifi c rigor and are used to support easily measurable indicators 6/22/2008 WBL 40 20

21 Biogeochemical Indicators Summary Wetland can exhibit a high degree of spatial heterogeneity; thus, the sampling protocol should aim to capture the underlying spatial variability of wetland indicators. The selection of indicator variable, sampling design, data collection, and statistical/geostatistical methods to analyze dataset is linked. Before using any selected biogeochemical indicator, a sampling design must be established that represents unimpacted and impacted portions of the wetland to assess early warning signals of decline in ecosystem health. Each sampling protocol, if possible, should compare environmental conditions to a reference or control site. 6/22/2008 WBL 41 21

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