DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION AND MASS FLOW OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN FLUE GAS FOR STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS
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1 MS 1596: 2003 DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION AND MASS FLOW OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN FLUE GAS FOR STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS Presented BY: UiTM A&A Laboratory Malaysia s 1 st University Affiliated Environmental Laboratory
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3 APPLICATION & AIR EMISSION SOURCES 1. FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENTS 2. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 1. Filter Bag 6. Spray Booth 2. Electrostatic Precipitator 7.Fume Cupboard 3. Scrubber 8. Others 4. Cyclone Centrifugal Dust Filter 5. Multicyclone
4 IMPORTANT DEFINITION DUCT/FLUE/CHIMNEY/ STACK enclosed structure where gases travel PARTICULATE MATTER dust Lighter Heavier GAS a mixture of gaseous component which may carry PM
5 AT THE END YOU Will know how we perform dust monitoring. NOT. The complicated formula!!
6 PRESENTATIONS CONTENT SCOPE & PRINCIPLE APPARATUS ADVANCE PREPARATIONS SAMPLING, WEIGHING & CALCULATION ACCURACY TEST REPORT SITE REQUIREMENTS
7 What is Air Pollution? Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original composition CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide
8 ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Carbon disulfide Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins & Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene Vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum
9 SCOPE I. Measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM) II. Measurement of mass flow rate of PM STEADY STATE condition Not suitable for: 1.Ventilation 2. Air conditioning system 3.Indoor atmosphere 4.Gases carrying droplets
10 Principle : PM Measurement i. Sample is extracted isokinetically & homogenously over a period of time. ii. The PM entrained is separated by a filter medium iii. The filter is then dried and weighed. ISO means EQUAL KINETIC means MOTION
11 WHY ISO-KINETIC FOR PM? For PM measurement: The Solid nature make it more complicated Conc. Of ashes & carbon varies through out the gas stream For Gasesous measurement: In the case of boiler, flue gas largely contain : 1.N2 2.O2 3.H20 4.CO2 5.SO2 Well mixed THUS, can be sampled at any point in the stream MOMENTUM
12 Flow rate of sample extraction must be at the same speed as the flow of gas in the duct If FL not correct; 1. Larger PM are either favored or rejected 2.Sizing is skewed
13 SAMPLING 1.Advance preparation 2.Sampling 3.Weighing 4.Calculation Sampling: 1. Cumulative Sampling reposition the nozzle at the next sampling point, adjust the control valve to the required flow 2. Incremental Sampling withdraw the probe, remove the filter and replace with new filter
14 ADVANCE PREPARATION 1. Know the process i.e. steady state or cyclic conduct closest to the steady operating conditions 2. Select the best sampling location, numbers and pattern of sampling points. 3. Observe the position of sampling ports, working platform, ventilation, power supply and safety features. 4. Select the test equipment, i.e. nozzle size, gas analyzer, type of filter 5. Select the best date, time, operating condition with the Plant Management
15 SITE PREPARATION
16 Sampling Location Sampling Location: 1. Straight duct 2. Constant shape & cross sectional area 3. Preferably vertical 4. Downstream as far as practical from any obstruction obstruction What if Horizontal Duct? What if duct too large? 7 x To ensure HOMOGENEITY: 1. The straight duct must at least 7 hydraulic diameter (HD) 2. Sampling plane at least 5 HD from the inlet & outlet of duct obstruction obstruction BEND CAUSES TURBULANCE
17 HORIZONTAL DUCT 1. If unavoidable, access port from the top. Clean the duct if possible. 2. If top access is not possible, measure from the bottom. Clean the duct. Extra care shall be taken to ensure probe did not drop into the duct. DUCT TOO WIDE 1. In practice, straight 7 HD will not often exist where duct are too wide 2. Shall be mentioned in Test Report 3. This can give results less accurate than ± 10% Minimum Sampling location distance from obstacle Obstacle Distance (Hydraulic Dia.) Duct Bend 1 Junction of 2 ducts 1 Partly closed lourve 3 Discharge side of fan 4
18 Min. 5 HD 250 MM Handrail- clear of any apparatus Min. 5 HD SAMPLING PLATFROM NEW PLANT DESIGN: ALLOWANCE SHALL BE MADE FOR: 1.STARIGHT DUCT 2.SAMPLING FACILITIES Obstruction Size of port hole (0.5 dia): Shall be ample for insertion of equipment i.e. 4 inch/ 100mm For small duct: > 200 mm d = 75 mm < 200mm = 50 mm
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21 SAMPLING
22 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURE STEP 1 Determine: Impinger Box 1. The no. & location of traverse point 2. Flue gas velocity 3. Moisture content in stack gas condensate volume Condenser Hose Control Module Pump Interface STEP 2 1. Select Nozzle size Pitot tube, Thermocouple, Thimble Holder, nozzle Equipment: Continuously measures the speed of flow in the stack and ensure the pump, which is extracting the sample through nozzle, speeds up or slows down to match the duct gas flow. Acceptable limit : ±10 % STEP 3 Determine: 1. Isokinetic flow rate from velocity data 2. The PM concentration by sampling, Volumetric Discharge & Emission Rates
23 MINIMUM NO. OF SAMPLING POINTS
24 Rectangular or Square Ducts
25 VELOCITY OF GAS NOT UNIFORM THROUGH OUT THE STACK Velocity in the stack: 1. Maximum at the center, 2. Almost zero at wall due to boundary conditions ( UNDER NO CONDITIONS, sampling to be done with 3cm from the stack s wall) Velocity distribution = PM size distribution: 1. Small PM toward the center 2. Large PM towards the wall MINIMIZING THE AFFECT OF TURBULANCE
26 PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following information: PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following information: GENERAL ISO- Kinetic Sampling Duct Gas velocity 1. Gas density 2. Differential pressure (if using Pitot Tube) Gas Density 1. Duct temperature 2. Duct Static Pressure 3. Water Content 4. Composition of Duct Gas Gas Flow Rate 1. Duct gas velocity 2. Area of duct section Nozzle Diameter 1. Pump capacity 2. Duct gas velocity 3. Estimated PM conc. 4. Preferable Sampling Time Flow rate for Isokinetic Sampling 1. Nozzle Diameter 2. Duct Gas Velocity at sampling point 3. Gas condition density, moisture content Sample Gas Volume 1. DGM measurement Sample Gas Volume at Std Cond AFTER SAMPLING 1. Static Pressure & Temp at DGM PM Conc. 1. Quantity of PM 2. Sample Gas Volume at Std PM Mass Flow Rate 1. PM Conc. 2. Gas Flow rate thru the duct PM expressed in terms of CO 2 /O 2 1. PM Conc. 2. Selected & Measured CO 2 /O 2
27 Measured by Equipment (In stack): 1. Differential Pressure 2. Temperature 3. Duct Area 4. Static Pressure 5. Gas Composition 6. Moisture content Measured by Equipment: 1. Temperature 2. Static Pressure 3. Dry gas volume flow 4. Gas volume dry 5. Filter weight Known/Predetermined value: 1. Suction Nozzle Diameter 2. Pitot Tube Calibration constant 3. Filter Weight (Blank) Calculated: 1. Density 2. Velocity 3. Flow Rate 4. Wet Sample Volume in probe 5. Existing Velocity in probe 6. Dry volume flow required 7. Particulate Concentration 8. Particulate flow rate
28 Measured by Equipment (In stack): 1. Differential Pressure 2. Temperature 3. Duct Area 4. Static Pressure 5. Gas Composition 6. Moisture content Measured by Equipment: 1. Temperature 2. Static Pressure 3. MOIST gas volume flow 4. Filter weight 5. Sampling Time Calculated: 1. Density, moist 2. Velocity, moist 3. Flow Rate, moist 4. Wet Sample Volume in probe 5. Existing Velocity in probe 6. Total moist volume displaced 7. Particulate Concentration 8. Particulate flow rate Known/Predetermined value: 1. Suction Nozzle Diameter 2. Pitot Tube Calibration constant 3. Filter Weight (Blank)
29 AT SITE COMBUSTION GAS ANALYZER Pitot, Filter, Thermocouple, Pump, Duct Tape
30 IN THE LABORATORY
31 Location of Sampling Plane Numbers of Sampling Points Sampling Time Nozzle Design Nozzle Alignment Departure from isokinetic sampling
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33 Representative sample depends on: 1.Homogeneity of gas velocity 2.Sufficient number of sampling points 3.Isokinetic withdrawal
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36 REPORT Report\Chimney 2.xlsx Report\Chimney 3.xlsx Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '13.pdf Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '14.pdf
METHOD 1A - SAMPLE AND VELOCITY TRAVERSES FOR STATIONARY SOURCES WITH SMALL STACKS OR DUCTS. NOTE: This method does not include all of the
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