ZEMedS: Case studies

Transcription

1 ZEMedS: Case studies

2 Case study: ANTONIO SALVETTI Primary School, Colle di Val d'elsa, Italy The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. August 215

3 General data 3 Name of the School Type of school ANTONIO SALVETTI Primary School Primary School Number of students Owner 31 public Location Year of construction Municipality of Colle di Val d'elsa, Italy 196

4 General data Building typology Heated area (m 2 ) 4 2 floors building 23 m 2 Site Urban Plain Heating degree days (base 18): 1776 Cooling degree days (base 26): 89

5 Current Situation 5 Renovation needs High Priority: energy efficiency and building facade safety. Building use Schedule for High school: Standard Use: From 11 th of September till 15 th of June Reduce Use: From 16 th of June till 31 st of July From 1 st of September till 1 th of September Standard Use: Monday till Saturday: 8: to 17: Reduce Use: Monday till Saturday: 7: to 8: And 17: to 19:

6 Current Situation 6 Building envelope: Walls Brick Wall U =.4 W/m².K Building envelope: Roof Roof with insulation and waterproofing U = 1.6 W/m².K Building envelope: Groundfloor Ground floor consists of concrete U = 3.9 W/m².K Building envelope: Windows Single-glazed windows with wooden frames Uw = 6 W/m².K

7 Current Situation 7 Airtightness: No measurements Heating/Cooling: Ventilation: Natural gas boiler 456 kw and radiators No mechanical ventilation Ventilation by opening windows Lighting: Mainly, fluorescent tubes controlled by users 2x18W fluorescent tubes in all spaces Appliances: Kitchen equipment DHW: Boiler 27 kw Cooking: Yes Current final energy consumption kwh/m 2 conditioned area (from bills, metering etc.): *13 kwh/m² y for natural gas *21 kwh/m² y for electricity *Total =151 kwh/m² per year

8 Health & Comfort Current Situation 8 Winter and summer comfort: Proper climate during the winter months, but some discomfort during the summer months due to he absence of air conditioning systems Interior air quality: No bad smell Visual comfort: There is no problem of glare and there is an adequate level of lighting during class Running cost: Energy: 64,16 /year Water: no data Maintenance: no data

9 9 NZEB Renovation

10 NZEB Renovation 1 Design approach: Deep renovation towards ZEMedS nzeb Schools requeriments. ZEMedS Goals: - Requeriment 1: C PE -Prod RES Primary energy consumption yearly (heating, cooling, ventillation, DHW and lighting) is produced by local renewable energies. - Requeriment 2: C FE 25 kwh/m2 y FE consumption yearly (heating, cooling, ventillation and lighting) per conditioned area - Requeriment 3: Indoor air quality guaranteed (CO 2 1 ppm) and temperature above 28ºC 4 hours yearly during occupancy National factors for conversion in energy and CO 2 have been taken into account (data 214). Methodology in energy simulations: Steps considered: First step: 3 proposals (variant A, B and C) in envelope renovation: from less insulated to more insulated Second step: 2 proposals for each variant: Renovation in lighting system Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system+use of natural ventilation Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system+use of mechanical ventilation without heat recovery Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system+use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

11 NZEB Renovation 11 First step: 3 proposals (variant A, B and C) in envelope renovation: from less insulated to more insulated. Variant A Variant B Variant C Step 1 Uwindows and exterior doors Solar protection Interior Curtains - Replacement of existing single glazing for: Variant A: low-e double glazing, 16mm(air) and aluminium frame (with thermal break). Ug=1.6 Uf= 2.2 Variant B: low-e double glazing, 16mm(argon) and aluminium frame (with thermal break). Ug=1.3 Uf= 2.2 Variant C: low-e double glazing, 16mm(argon) and aluminium frame. Ug=1.3 Uf= 2.2 Uroof Variant A: 3cm roof tiles with cool material coating and 4cm EPS attached Variant B: 3cm roof tiles with cool material coating and 7cm EPS attached Variant C 3cm roof tiles with cool material coating and 14cm EPS attached Uwall Variant A: External wall insulation 6cm EPS & plaster with cool coating Variant B: External wall insulation 1cm EPS & plaster with cool coating Variant C: External wall insulation 12cm EPS & plaster with cool coating Ugroundfloor current -

12 NZEB Renovation Second step: 2 proposals for each variant A, B and C: Step 2: Renovation in lighting system Step 2.1: Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system + use of natural ventilation Step 2.2: Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system + use of mechanical ventilation without heat recovery Step 2.3: Renovation in lighting system, heating and DHW system + installation of PV system + use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery Step 2 Lighting led lamps efficiency 66lm/W 12 Step 2.1 Natural Ventilation Windows open sceanrio (,8 m3/sec/person) Heating system Gas condensing boiler (COP 1.5) Cooling system no cooling system PV system 6m 2 PV panels Step 2.2 Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation systems without heat recovery (control when occupancy) 6.5 l/s person Heating system Gas condensing boiler (COP 1.5) Cooling system PV system no cooling system 6m 2 PV panels Step 2.3 Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation systems without heat recovery (control when occupancy) 6.5 l/s person, 7% heat recovery Heating system Gas condensing boiler (COP 1.5) Cooling system no cooling system PV system 6m 2 PV panels

13 NZEB Renovation ITC EINSTEIN High School, Municipality of Loreto, Italy 13 Italian Regulation:

14 NZEB Renovation 14 VARIANT A FINAL ENERGY: kwh/m Total ZEMedS Heating, cooling & ventilation Lighting ZEMedS requirements (heating, cooling, vent. & lighting) National Regulation Variant A & natural ventilation & lighting Variant A & MV without heat recovery & lighting Variant A & MV with heat recovery & lighting Variant A & natural ventilation & lighting : 27 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 27 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant A & MV without heat recovery & lighting : 57 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 57 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant A & MV with heat recovery & lighting : 35 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 35 Ventilatio n; Cooling; Variant A PRIMARY ENERGY: Existing building step 1 step 2 step 2.1 & natural ventilation step 2.2 & mechanical vent. without heat recovery step 2.3 & HRMV Primary energy of existing building kwhpe/m².y (heating, lighting, DHW, appliances & cooking) data from bills Primary Energy for non renewable energy kwhpe/m².y (heating, ventilation, lighting and DHW) (data from simulation) Primary Energy predicted by RES kwh/m2 y (from simulation)

15 NZEB Renovation 15 VARIANT B FINAL ENERGY: kwh/m Total ZEMedS Heating, cooling & ventilation Lighting ZEMedS requirements (heating, cooling, vent. & lighting) National Regulation Variant B & natural ventilation & lighting Variant B & MV without heat recovery & lighting Variant B & MV with heat recovery & lighting Variant B & natural ventilation & lighting : 24 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 24 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant B & MV without heat recovery & lighting : 55 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 55 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant B & MV with heat recovery & lighting : 33 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 33 Ventilatio n; Cooling; Variant B PRIMARY ENERGY: Existing building step 1 step 2 step 2.1 & natural ventilation step 2.2 & mechanical vent. without heat recovery step 2.3 & HRMV Primary energy of existing building kwhpe/m².y (heating, lighting, DHW, appliances & cooking) data from bills Primary Energy for non renewable energy kwhpe/m².y (heating, ventilation, lighting and DHW) (data from simulation) Primary Energy predicted by RES kwh/m2 y (from simulation)

16 NZEB Renovation 16 VARIANT C FINAL ENERGY: kwh/m Total ZEMedS Heating, cooling & ventilation Lighting ZEMedS requirements (heating, cooling, vent. & lighting) National Regulation Variant C & natural ventilation & lighting Variant C & MV without heat recovery & lighting Variant C & MV with heat recovery & lighting Variant C & natural ventilation & lighting : 22 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 22 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant C & MV without heat recovery & lighting : 54 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 54 Ventilati on; Cooling; Variant C & MV with heat recovery & lighting : 31 kwh/m² in final energy Lighting; 1 Heating; 31 Ventilatio n; Cooling; Variant C PRIMARY ENERGY: Existing building step 1 step 2 step 2.1 & natural ventilation step 2.2 & mechanical vent. without heat recovery step 2.3 & HRMV Primary energy of existing building kwhpe/m².y (heating, lighting, DHW, appliances & cooking) data from bills Primary Energy for non renewable energy kwhpe/m².y (heating, ventilation, lighting and DHW) (data from simulation) Primary Energy predicted by RES kwh/m2 y (from simulation)

17 NZEB Renovation 17 Global cost and paybacks for the renovation scenarios: Calculations based on: Average yearly increase in natural gas price*: 3.9 % (data from to ) Average yearly increase in electricity price**: 2.5 % (data from 23 to 214) Overall cost of gas: 22,669 /year Overall cost of electricity: 12,538 /year Considered an overall maintenance cost of the renovation scenarios (yearly percentage of the total cost of the renewals) in.5% (envelope measures), 2% (heating systems and PV) Replacement assumed in lighting (15-2 years lifetime) Average inflation considered in 1.8% (from 1 years average data) Prices of investments at 214. All construction costs in the renovation scenarios include 13% of overall costs over the execution cost of material and 6% of industrial profit over the execution cost of materials. VAT included. Sources for cost data are gathered from using of existing cost database which have been derived from market-based data gathering, evaluating of recent projects, and analyzing of standard offers of construction companies. Assembling, disassembling and daily amortization of scaffold are included in wall insulation costs. *Source: ** Source:

18 NZEB Renovation Paybacks for the renovation implemented in steps (every 4 years): 18 Expected Expected Overall cost Overall Cost of savings in savings in Overall cost of electricity Investment in maintenance replacement Payback diesel electrcicity of gas /year /year cost /year in Items to be replaced (years) step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var A) 69% % step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var B) 72% % step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var C) 74% % step 2 - ligthing (var A) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step 2 - ligthing (var B) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step 2 - ligthing (var C) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var B) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var C) 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 38 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 37 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 36-85% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-98% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-11% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5 step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var A) -14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5 step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var B) -18% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5 step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var C) -21% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5 Total payback (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3) in all variants is expected in > 5 years. Overall maintenance yearly percentage of the total cost of the investment. All construction costs (prices at 214) in the renovation scenarios include 13% of overall costs over the execution cost of material and 6% of industrial profit over the execution cost of materials. Assembling, disassembling and daily amortization of scaffold are included in wall insulation costs. VAT included.

19 Paybacks for the renovation implemented in steps (every 4 years): Values in m2 conditioned area NZEB Renovation Expected savings in diesel Expected savings in electrcicity Overall cost of gas /year m2 Overall cost of electricity Investment /year m2 in /m2 Overall maintenanc e cost /year m2 Cost of replacement in /m2 Items to be replaced step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var A) 69% % step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var B) 72% % step 1 - walls & roofs & fenestration (var C) 74% % step 2 - ligthing (var A) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step 2 - ligthing (var B) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step 2 - ligthing (var C) -1% 7% led tubes (lifetime 15-2 years) >5 step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var B) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var C) step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var A) step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var B) step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var C) 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 38 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 37 14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) 36-85% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-98% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-11% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-14% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-18% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5-21% 6% inversors PV (15 years lifetime) >5 Total payback (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3) in all variants is expected in > 5 years. Overall maintenance yearly percentage of the total cost of the investment. All construction costs (prices at 214) in the renovation scenarios include 13% of overall costs over the execution cost of material and 6% of industrial profit over the execution cost of materials. Assembling, disassembling and daily amortization of scaffold are included in wall insulation costs. VAT included. Payback (years) 19

20 Global costs en /m² year Comfort NZEB Renovation 2 In graphics, global cost of step 2.1: Existing building step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Nat + PV system (var A) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Comfort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) In general, it is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

21 Global costs en /m² year Comfort NZEB Renovation 21 In graphics, global cost of step 2.2: Existing building step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var A) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var B) step boiler + vent. Mechanical + PV system (var C) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Confort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) It is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

22 Global costs en /m² year Confort NZEB Renovation 22 In graphics, global cost of step 2.3: Existing building step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var A) step boiler + MVHR step boiler + MVHR + PV system (var B) + PV system (var C) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Confort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) It is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

23 NZEB Renovation Paybacks for the renovation implemented all at once (step 1 + step 2 + step 2.1/step 2.2/step 2.3): Overall step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var B) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var C) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var B) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var C) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var B) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var C) Expected savings in diesel Expected savings in electrcicity Overall cost of gas /year Overall cost of electricity /year Investment in maintenanc e cost /year Cost of replacement in 73% 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% % 13% Items to be replaced lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) Total payback (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3) in all variants is expected in 17-2 years, 2-3 years, and years, respectively. Overall maintenance yearly percentage of the total cost of the investment. All construction costs (prices at 214) in the renovation scenarios include 13% of overall costs over the execution cost of material and 6% of industrial profit over the execution cost of materials. Assembling, disassembling and daily amortization of scaffold are included in wall insulation costs. VAT included. Payback (years)

24 NZEB Renovation Paybacks for the renovation implemented (step 1 + step 2 + step 2.1/step 2.2/step 2.3): Values in m2 conditioned area Overall cost Overall Expected Expected Overall cost of maintenance Cost of savings in savings in of gas /m2 electricity Investment cost /m2 replaceme diesel electrcicity year /m2 year in /m2 year nt in /m2 Items to be replaced lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var A) 73% 13% 3,1 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var B) 68% 13% 3,6 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var C) 68% 13% 3,6 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var A) 41% 13% 6,6 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var B) 43% 13% 6,4 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var C) 44% 13% 6,3 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var A) 64% 13% 4,1 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var B) 66% 13% 3,8 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) lighting LED tubes (15-2 years step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var C) 68% 13% 3,6 5, lifetime)/inversors PV (15 years lifetime) Total payback (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2) and (step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3) in all variants is expected in 17-2 years, 2-3 years, and years, respectively. The replacement of the 2 gas boilers of heating system have been considered in the cost of replacement of the existing building. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building. Payback (years)

25 Global costs en /m² year Confort NZEB Renovation 25 In graphics, global cost of renovation all at once of step 1+ step2 + step 2.1: Existing building step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 step 1+ step 2 + step 2.1 (var B) (var C) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Confort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) It is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. The replacement of the 1 gas boilers of heating system have been considered in the cost of replacement of the existing building. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

26 Global costs en /m² year Confort NZEB Renovation 26 In graphics, global cost of renovation all at once of step 1+ step2 + step 2.2: Existing building step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 step 1+ step 2 + step 2.2 (var B) (var C) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Confort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) It is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. The replacement of the 1 gas boilers of heating system have been considered in the cost of replacement of the existing building. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

27 Global costs en /m² year Confort NZEB Renovation 27 In graphics, global cost of renovation all at once of step 1+ step2 + step 2.3: Existing building step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var A) step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 step 1+ step 2 + step 2.3 (var B) (var C) Maintenance costs /m2 year Energy price (electricity) /m2 year Energy price (diesel) /m2 year Cost of replacement /m2 Investment /m2 Confort (numbers of hours > 28ºC) It is expected no problems of overheating (T>28ºC) in classrooms. The replacement of the 1 gas boilers of heating system have been considered in the cost of replacement of the existing building. There is no information of the costs in maintenance and replacements concerning the existing building.

28 Current situation: NZEB Renovation Results of nzeb renovation under ZEMedS goals: gas electricity 28 consumption (kwh) Ratio (kwh/m2) consumption (kwh) Ratio (kwh/m2) Real (bills) Simulation (Open studio+energyplus) result 1 result 2 result 3 Renovation implemented with energy efficiency measures in Energy balance in PE (kwh/m2 y) (heating, cooling, vent., DHW & lighting) and RES production (kwh and kwh/m2 conditioned area) (ZEMedS requirement 1) (simulations) Energy result in FE (kwh/m2 y) (heating, cooling, vent. & lighting) per conditioned area (ZEMedS requirement 2) (simulations) Goal of (ZEMedS requirement 3) envelope + lighting + ventilation envelope + lighting + ventilation with natural ventilation + heating with mechanical ventilation + condensing boiler + PV system heating condensing boiler + PV covering (heating, lighting, system covering (heating, ventilation) lighting, ventilation) envelope + lighting + ventilation with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery + heating condensing boiler + PV system covering (heating, lighting, ventilation) Var A -1-1 Var B -1 Var C 1 Var A Var B Var C natural ventilation by opening - indoor quality guaranteed by - indoor quality guaranteed by windows (no indoor quality mechanical ventilation mechanical ventilation guaranteed) - predicted temperatures above - predicted temperatures above - predicted temperatures above 28ºC in less than 4 hours/year 28ºC in less than 4 hours/year 28ºC in less than 4 hours/year Paybacks (years) step by step implementation > 5 > 5 > 5 Paybacks (years) all at once implementation

29 29 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies

30 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies 3 Building envelope: Walls Brick Wall U =.4 W/m².K Reduce drift : -Thermal insulation coating - Fogli riflettenti (dietro i termosifoni) Building envelope: Roof Roof with insulation and waterproofing U = 1.6 W/m².K Increase efficiency : - green roof Building envelope: Groundfloor Ground floor consists of concrete U = 3.9 W/m².K Reduce drift : -Polystyrene panels and rockwool Building envelope: Windows Single-glazed windows with wooden frames Uw = 6 W/m².K Reduce drift : -Low-emissivity glasses

31 31 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies Heating/Cooling: Natural gas boiler 456 kw and radiators Ventilation: No mechanical ventilation Ventilation by opening windows Reduce drift : - Radiators reflector foils Increase efficiency : -Dehumidifier - Ceiling fan Lighting: Mainly, fluorescent tubes controlled by users 2x18W fluorescent tubes in all spaces Increase efficiency : - LED lamps

32 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies Walls 32 The radiators can improve their efficiency by about 1%.

33 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies 33 Roof

34 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies 34 Roof Drift reduction : 15%

35 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies 35 Windows

36 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies Heating/Cooling Ventilation 36 No mechanical ventilation Ventilation by opening windows

37 NZEB Technical & Operating Strategies Lighting 37