Copies: Mark Hildebrand (NCA) ARCADIS Project No.: April 10, Task A 3100

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1 MEMO To: Jeff Pelz (West Yost) Kathryn Gies (West Yost) Copies: Mark Hildebrand (NCA) ARCADIS U.S., Inc. 200 Harvard Mills Square Suite 430 Wakefield Massachusetts Tel Fax From: Susan Landon (BOS) Joe Husband (WHI) Date: ARCADIS Project No.: April 10, Task A 3100 Subject: Special Design Study TM #1a - Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) Evaluation BACKGROUND INFORMATION Objective This Enhanced Primary Treatment Evaluation involves an investigation of two technologies identified by the City of Davis that could reduce the loadings to the secondary treatment processes: Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) and use of fine screens. This technical memorandum (TM) focuses on the application of CEPT. Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment CEPT is based on the addition of a coagulant and a polyelectrolyte (polymer) as flocculation aid to increase the capture of suspended and colloidal wastewater particles in a primary sedimentation tank. CEPT can provide more consistent primary treatment performance as well as the ability to operate primary treatment at higher flows. The reduced organic and solids loads benefit downstream treatment processes with the potential to increase the capacity of existing facilities or reduce the sizing of new facilities. In the coagulant stage, coagulant is rapidly dispersed into the wastewater using a high energy mixing process, typically an in-line pipe mixing device or a rapid mix tank. Design mixing time is typically less than one minute at design average flow. The coagulant destabilizes the electrical charges on the 1/8

2 suspended solids and colloidal particles in the wastewater which enables particles to combine or flocculate. Coagulant chemicals typically used are iron or aluminum metal salts but lime has also had some application. The most commonly used coagulant at municipal WWTPs is ferric chloride with ferrous chloride, aluminum sulfate (alum) and polyaluminum chloride also used to a lesser extent. Lime has many disadvantages over the iron and aluminum chemicals. Its effectiveness is ph dependent and significant dose rates are required to achieve the effective ph level and lime is also more difficult to handle and store. For these reasons lime will not be considered further. Anionic polymers are often used to enhance the particle flocculation process when a coagulant chemical is used. Polymer, if used, is mixed into the wastewater in a flocculation stage which is typically a tank, channel or other structure that provides low energy mixing to promote contact between wastewater particles and the polymer so that they agglomerate into larger flocculated particles, called floc. The flocculated wastewater than enters into a quiescent settling basin to settle out the floc. The chemical treatment results in more suspended solids getting captured and the resulting larger wastewater particles will settle out faster compared to conventional (non-chemical addition) settling. Ideally, the flocculation detention time is 20 to 30 minutes; however, many facilities have operated with coagulation times of 1 to 5 minutes using the influent feed channels to primary settling tanks, such as the Arlington County WPCP, VA. CEPT will increase total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removals above conventional primary clarification removals depending on the coagulant and flocculant dose rate, the wastewater characteristics and hydraulic features of the settling tank. Much information has been published about CEPT projects and associated performance, including results from full-scale testing and operations. While the majority of the papers focus on use of CEPT for peak flow scenarios to treat wet weather and combined sewer flows, some papers and technical sources reported on the use of CEPT for day-to-day performance improvements. A review of the available literature indicated that a well performing CEPT system can achieve a 75% to 80% average removal of influent TSS and 50% or greater influent BOD removal. Specific removal efficiencies are dependent on the wastewater characteristics of the raw influent. For example, wastewater with a high fraction of soluble BOD to total BOD would not achieve a significant improvement in BOD removal. Ferric chloride was the coagulant used at the facilities reported in the literature for continuous chemical addition with chemical dose generally ranging from 20 to 40 mg/l. Polymer was infrequently used and when utilized, was applied at less than 0.5 mg/l. Current and Projected Primary Settling Tank Performance The primary sedimentation tanks were designed for an average dry weather flow of 7.5 MGD and a peak wet weather flow of 19 MGD. As reported in West Yost Draft TM entitled Basis of Design for the City of Davis Wastewater Treatment Plant Secondary and Tertiary Improvements dated 31 October 2012 (Draft Basis of Design Memo), the primary clarifiers are removing approximately 63% TSS and 31% BOD at an 2/8

3 average surface overflow rate of approximately 700 gpd/sf. This is typical primary clarifier performance for a municipal wastewater treatment facility. As noted in this TM there is not a strong correlation between TSS removals and overflow rates or influent TSS. This would indicate that the existing primary clarifiers are likely removing all settleable solids. Other Treatment Considerations with CEPT Other wastewater treatment considerations should be factored in when considering CEPT including the following: Chemical sludge production and sludge processing impacts Alkalinity reduction Phosphorus reduction Metals removal Disinfection Biological Nutrient Removal Sludge Production CEPT increases the primary sludge production compared to conventional clarification due to the increased solids removed from the wastewater and the production of chemical sludge. The use of iron and aluminum-based coagulants results in the production of chemical sludge formed by the metal hydroxide, iron sulfides and other inorganic compounds found in wastewater. These compounds add volume, weight and water to the sludge. The increased quantity of primary sludge will be partially offset by reduced production of secondary waste sludge, however, the primary sludge will likely be more difficult to thicken and dewater, particularly if lime or aluminum chemicals are used. The additional sludge production needs to be considered in the capacity of existing or new sludge treatment units. Specifically, the impact on digestion process needs to consider the additional volume of sludge and ratio of primary sludge to biological sludge. Of concern would the additional solids and potentially lower solids concentration would increase the volume of solids going to the existing anaerobic digester. A general rule of thumb of chemical sludge production is: Ferric Chloride = 0.92 mg TSS/mg of ferric chloride addition Alum = 0.33 mg TSS/mg of alum 3/8

4 Alkalinity Demand The chemical reactions that occur with the iron and aluminum based coagulants also consume alkalinity. Additionally, chemicals like ferric chloride and alum are acidic in nature. The impact of any alkalinity reduction on downstream biological treatment, particularly nitrification, and on effluent ph permit limitations will depend on the wastewater characteristics and its alkalinity levels. Supplemental alkalinity addition with a chemical such as lime or caustic soda may be required to mitigate any treatment impacts. Alkalinity reduction for alum and ferric chloride are generally 0.5 mg/l CaCO 3 /mg alum and 0.92 mg/l CaCO 3 /mg ferric chloride. As noted in the Basis of Design Memo, the City is planning to change its water supply from the current intermediate groundwater well source to a combination of deep aquifer wells and treated surface water from the Sacramento River. One effect of this change would be that water supply alkalinity and ph will both decrease, potentially significantly. Accordingly, the use of CEPT would further decrease the alkalinity feed to the biological treatment process and, possibly increase the supplemental alkalinity requirement. Phosphorus Removal Iron and aluminum salts are commonly used at WWTPs for phosphorus reductions in the wastewater. The iron and aluminum ions react with soluble ortho-phosphorus (OPO 4 ) to form an insoluble compound, or precipitate, that settles out in primary sedimentation. Organic phosphorus associated with wastewater solids is also captured in primary sedimentation. Therefore chemical addition to enhance primary sedimentation will also result in some phosphorus reduction. The phosphorus reduction could range from 50% to 90% depending on the chemical dose rate, CEPT effectiveness and the OPO4 wastewater levels and other wastewater characteristics. Typically, the dosing rate for CEPT will reduce the OPO 4 to a range of 1 to 2 mg/l. The potential for phosphorus reduction should be carefully assessed since levels of primary effluent phosphorus that are too low could result in a nutrient deficiency in the downstream biological process. Metal Removal There may be a minimal reduction of heavy metals associated with the removal of wastewater particles during sedimentation but this CEPT effect was not addressed in the literature that was reviewed. The removal of heavy metals in wastewater treatment plants is most commonly based on precipitating the metals as metal hydroxides through the addition of lime to produce a ph of minimum solubility for the particular metal. Heavy metals that can be removed with ph adjustment include cadmium, mercury, nickel and zinc. 4/8

5 Disinfection The selection of a coagulant chemical should also consider the type of WWTP effluent disinfection. Iron-based chemicals can negatively impact ultraviolet (UV) disinfection due to the presence of iron which can interfere with the transmission of UV light. This is not an issue for the Davis WWTP since chlorine disinfection is used. Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) While the lower loading of suspended solids to the BNR process is often helpful in reducing the solids production in the biological process, it can reduce the amount of carbon available to help in BNR processes such as phosphorus or nitrogen removal. When evaluating the pro and cons of using CEPT, the use of dynamic process models are required to best evaluate the impact on the BNR process and the potential need for external carbon sources to achieve the nutrient removal goal. Application of CEPT The application of CEPT to the Davis WWTP was generally assessed for potential advantages and disadvantages on the wastewater and sludge handling processes. The Wastewater Planning Charrette, Table 2-1, stated that after aerated grit removal and primary sedimentation the effluent contains about 30 to 40 and 50 to 70 percent [of] the influent total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), respectively. This information is interpreted as the baseline is 60 to 70% TSS capture and 30 to 40% BOD capture for the existing or planned primary treatment performance. CEPT could then be projected to increase the average removals to 75 to 80% TSS and 45 to 50% BOD. A key consideration with CEPT as mentioned previously is the additional sludge production. The capture of additional wastewater solids and generation of chemical sludge can result in 40 to 50% more primary sludge than a system without chemical addition. As an example, for a typical ferric chloride dose rate of 25 mg/l and TSS removals increased from 65% to 75%, the primary sludge quantity increase attributed to the additional captures solids is approximately 15% and the increase attributed to chemical sludge is 28%, for a net increase of about 43%. The solids handling processes need to be carefully assessed for the capacity to treat the additional sludge as well as taking into consideration that the CEPT primary sludge may not thicken and/or dewater as effectively as non-cept sludge. Primary sludge is thickened in the primary settling tanks, thus the combination of more sludge and less concentrated sludge would increase the volume being discharged to the existing anaerobic digesters. The key benefit for CEPT for day-to-day operation is the reduction of primary effluent solids and organic loadings by as much as 15 to 25%. This reduction can translate into reduced biological treatment capacity for new biological treatment facilities or increased treatment capacity in existing facilities depending on the 5/8

6 treatment process. Similar reductions in secondary sludge production on downstream sludge processing (thickening, digestion and dewatering), however, will be offset by increased primary sludge production. The example 25 mg/l ferric chloride dose rate is estimated to also reduce alkalinity by approximately 37%. This may be significant if influent wastewater levels are on the low side (less than 80 to 100 mg/l) and biological nitrification is being used. Nitrification consumes alkalinity at approximately a 7.1:1 ratio of ammonia nitrogen. The presence of low alkalinity wastewater levels in combination with a low ph coagulant chemical could result in reduced ph levels and insufficient alkalinity leading to suppressed nitrification. Chemical System Requirements Site-specific testing at a WWTP considering CEPT is always recommended to better evaluate the CEPT process and better project performance. Jar testing, at a minimum, should be performed to assess the effectiveness of one or more metal salts and in combination with polymer. Ideally, full scale testing could be performed to better evaluate actual conditions. Testing can help target the effective dose rates and the associated sizing for chemical storage and feed equipment, as well as impacts on key compounds that may be of concern including alkalinity and phosphorus levels. The results of jar testing and/or full-scale CEPT tests can provide valuable information not only on the primary sedimentation performance but also the potential reduction of solids and organic loads to secondary treatment. This information can be used in conjunction with wastewater process models to better assess the impacts on existing secondary treatment or to better size new facilities. Chemical storage facilities for iron and aluminum chemicals are generally designed for a 30-day storage volume at the WWTP design average flow and the chemical design dose rate. Consideration should also be given to chemical requirements for extended peak conditions such as maximum month. Smaller facilities may also want to factor in the volume of a typical chemical delivery truck and size storage for 1.5 times the delivery volume since receiving a full truckload may be more cost effective than a partial load. Multiple more storage tanks, or one storage tank and one day tank, should be considered to allow for maintenance of storage equipment. A minimum of one feed pump with a standby unit should be provided with pumps sized for maximum chemical feed rate. The number and size of pumps should also consider if plant flows are expected to increase in time and actual start-up conditions will be significantly less than design flows, or there is a significant range of flow, and conditions exceed the turndown range of the pumps. The type of polymer system facilities will depend on whether polymer in dry or liquid form will be used. Dry polymer requires special wetting and handling equipment and a minimum aging to properly prepare a diluted polymer solution. Dry polymer also creates dust when handled creating a minor safety hazard. Liquid polymer is available in emulsion (oil-based form) and solution form with varying range of activities. 6/8

7 Liquid polymers are easier to blend and activate and are readily supplied in bulk or tote form. The number and size of polymer feed pumps have similar consideration to the coagulant chemical pumps. Recommendation The existing primary clarifiers are sized for an average flow of 7.5 mgd and a peak flow of 19 mgd and have performed as expected with primary suspended solids and BOD 5 removal in the range expected for municipal wastewater treatment facilities at current include flows (5 mgd). The use of chemicals to increase the suspended solids and BOD 5 removal does not appear to be justified based on the expected continued good performance. Also, the ancillary issues associated with CEPT specifically, additional chemical solids, reduced capacity within the existing digesters and increase alkalinity demand does not appear to justify CEPT at this time. The use of CEPT may be considered in the future if the plant influent flows increase beyond the current expectations. PROJECT CRITERIA Minimum Requirements Modifications to the preliminary and primary treatment systems necessary to implement required control system upgrades, implement power supply modifications, or accommodate new plant drain pipelines will be necessary. Performance Criteria Performance criteria, if any, are defined in the City of Davis Wastewater Treatment Plant Secondary and Tertiary Improvements Project Charrette Implementation Plan by West Yost Associates, dated March REFERENCE PROJECT Reference project components, if any, are presented in the City of Davis Wastewater Treatment Plant Secondary and Tertiary Improvements Project Reference Project Report by West Yost Associates and ARCADIS, dated May /8

8 REFERENCES WEF MOP 8, Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume 2: Liquid Treatment Processes, WEF, ASCE and EWRI, Fifth Edition (MOP 8). West Yost, Draft Technical Memorandum Basis of Design for the City of Davis Wastewater Treatment Plant Secondary and Tertiary Improvements dated 31 October 2012 Schroeder.E, and Tchobanoglous, G. City of Davis Wastewater Planning Charrette Report, 29 January /8

Copies: Mark Hildebrand (NCA) ARCADIS Project No.: April 10, Task A 3100

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