Contents. Acknowledgments...xi Preface... xiii
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1 Contents Acknowledgments...xi Preface... xiii CHAPTER 1 Energy and Energy Management Introduction Energy Resources, Energy Sources, and Energy Production Global Energy Demand and Consumption Need for the Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation, and Management Concise Remarks...18 References...19 CHAPTER 2 Energy Storage Introduction Significance of Energy Storage Types of Energy Storage Energy Storage by Mechanical Medium Flywheels (Kinetic Energy Storage) Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (Potential Energy Storage) Compressed Air Energy Storage (Potential Energy Storage) Energy Storage by Chemical Medium Electrochemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Electrical Medium Electrostatic Energy Storage Energy Storage by Magnetic Medium Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Energy Storage by Hydrogen Medium Hydrogen-Based Fuel Cells Solar Hydrogen Production Energy Storage by Biological Medium Thermal Energy Storage Low Temperature Thermal Storage Medium and High Temperature Thermal Storage Technical Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Concise Remarks...52 References...52 v
2 vi Contents CHAPTER 3 Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Introduction Thermal Energy Storage Aspects of TES Need for TES Energy Redistribution Requirements Types of TES Technologies Sensible TES Latent TES Thermochemical Energy Storage Comparison of TES Technologies Concise Remarks...64 References...64 CHAPTER 4 Sensible Thermal Energy Storage Introduction Sensible Heat Storage Materials Solid Storage Materials Liquid Storage Materials Selection of Materials and Methodology Short-Term Sensible Thermal Storage Long-Term Sensible Thermal Storage Properties of Sensible Heat Storage Materials STES Technologies Storage Tanks Using Water Rock Bed Thermal Storage Solar Pond/Lake Thermal Storage Building Structure Thermal Storage Passive Solar Heating Storage Active Solar Heating Storage High Temperature Sensible Thermal Storage Concise Remarks...81 References...81 CHAPTER 5 Latent Thermal Energy Storage Introduction Physics of LTES Types of LTES Properties of Latent Heat Storage Materials Encapsulation Techniques of LTES (PCM) Materials Direct Impregnation Method...87
3 Contents vii Microencapsulation Method Shape Stabilization of the PCM Performance Assessment of LTES System in Buildings Passive LTES Systems PCM Impregnated Structures into Building Fabric Components PCM Impregnated into Building Fabrics PCM Integrated into Building Glazing Structures PCM Color Coatings Active LTES Systems Free Cooling with the PCM TES Comfort Cooling with the PCM TES Ice-Cool Thermal Energy Storage Chilled Water-PCM cool TES Merits and Limitations Merits of LTES Materials Limitations of LTES Materials Merits of LTES Systems Limitations of LTES Systems Summary References CHAPTER 6 Thermochemical Energy Storage Introduction Phenomena of Thermochemical Energy Storage Thermochemical Energy Storage Principles and Materials Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems Open Adsorption Energy Storage System Closed Adsorption Energy Storage System Closed Absorption Energy Storage System Solid/Gas Thermochemical Energy Storage System Thermochemical Accumulator Energy Storage System Floor Heating System using Thermochemical Energy Storage Thermochemical Energy Storage for Building Heating Applications Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 7 Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Introduction Seasonal (Source) TES Technologies Aquifer Thermal Storage Borehole Thermal Storage...150
4 viii Contents Cavern Thermal Storage Earth-to-Air Thermal Storage Energy Piles Thermal Storage Sea Water Thermal Storage Rock Thermal Storage Roof Pond Thermal Storage Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 8 Nanotechnology in Thermal Energy Storage Introduction Nanostructured Materials Preparation and Characterization of Nanomaterials Hybrid Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Embedded Latent Heat Storage Materials Evaluation of Thermal Storage Properties Merits And Challenges Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 9 Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage Introduction Sustainable Thermal Storage Systems Low Energy Thermal Storage Low Carbon Thermal Storage Geothermal Energy Storage Wind-Thermal-Cold Energy Storage Hybrid TES CHP Thermal Storage Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Sustainability Prospects Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 10 Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design Introduction Sensible Heat Storage Systems Latent Heat Storage Systems Sizing of ITES System Sizing of Chilled Water Packed Bed LTES System Design Examples Long-Term Thermal Storage Option Short-Term Thermal Storage Option...242
5 Contents ix Short-Term Thermal Storage Option in Piping Systems Heating Thermal Storage Option with Pressurized Water Systems TES Option with Waste Heat Recovery Concise Remarks Further Reading CHAPTER 11 Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Introduction Analytical/Numerical Modeling and Simulation Latent Thermal Energy Storage Configurations-Based Model Collections Modeling and Simulation Analysis Numerical Solution and Validation Materials Selection and Configuration Economic Perspectives Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 12 Assessment of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Introduction Evaluation of Thermal Storage Properties Energy and Exergy Concepts Distinction between Energy and Exergy Quality Concepts Exergy in Performance Assessment of Thermal Storage Systems Exergy and the Environment Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 13 Control and Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Introduction Control Systems and Methodologies Types of Control Methodologies Control Methodology of Thermal Storage Systems Optimization of Thermal Storage Systems Thermoeconomic Optimization Multiobjective Optimization Concise Remarks References...343
6 x Contents CHAPTER 14 Economic and Societal Prospects of Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Introduction Commissioning of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Systems Procedure for Installation of Thermal Storage Systems Cost Analysis and Economic Feasibility LTES System Seasonal TES System Societal Implications of TES Systems Concise Remarks References CHAPTER 15 Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Active and Passive Systems Carbon-Free Thermal Storage Systems Low Energy Building Design Scope for Futuristic Developments References Appendix I Appendix II Units and Conversions Factors Thermal Properties of Various Heat Storage Materials Appendix III Rules of Thumb for Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design Sources Appendix IV Parametric and Cost Comparison of Thermal Storage Technologies Appendix V Summary of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Installation Abbreviations Glossary List of Specific Websites Index...415
Contents. Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV
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